Perjanjian Aqabah

1. Ditandatangani pada tahun 612M. antara orang Arab dengan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w..
2. Perjanjian ini dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Aqabah Pertama.
3. Suku Aus dan Khazjah hendaklah beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul.
4. Satu lagi perjanjian antara Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dengan suku Aus dan Khazjah ialah pada tahun 622M..
5. Perjanjian ini dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Aqabah Kedua.
6. Suku Aus dan Khazjah menjemput Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dan orang Islam di Makkah berhijrah ke kota Makkah.

Piagam Madinah

1. Merupakan seduah perlembagaan bertulis yang pertama dirangka di dunia.
2. Menjadi asas negara berdaulat.
3. Asas pemerintahan kerajaan Islam Madinah.
4. Mencacatkan tentang peraturan, tanggungjawab ketua negara dan rakyatnya, serta berasakan persetujuan orang Islam dan orang bukan Islam.
5. Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dilantik sebagai pemimpin.

Hijrah

1. Berasal daripada perkataan Arab yang bermaksud berpindah.
2. Hijrah bermaksud perpindahan orang Islam dari Makkah ke Madinah.
3. Orientalis Barat mentafsirkan hijrah sebagai suatu pelarian.
4. Pernghijrahan adalah disebabkan perintah Allah melalui wahyu.
5. Hijrah bertujuan untuk meneruskan penyebaran agama Islam.
6. Menberi peluang kepada Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. untuk mendamaikan suku Arab di Madinah.

Penyerbaan Islam

1. Menghantar perutusan ke rom, Rom Timur, Parsi, Mesir, dan wilayah di sekitar Semenanjung Tanah Arab.
2. Pertempuran dan peperangan dalam Islam bertujuan menentang kezaliman dan menpertahankan diri.
3. Contoh peperangan: Perang Badar, Perang Uhud, Perang Khandak, dan Perang Tabuk.

Perjanjian Hudaibiyah

1. Orang Islam bercadsang untuk menziarahi Makkah pada tahun 628M..
2. Orang Islam Quraisy di Hubaibiyah menyekat kedatangan orang Islam Madinah,
3. Perjanjian Hudaibiyah termeterai antara Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dengan Suhail bin Amru.
4. Orang Islam berpeluang untuk menunaikan haji pada tahun 629M..

Pembukaan Semula Kota Makkah

1. Kota Madinah ialah tempat kelahiran Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.
2. Tempat lahirnya agama Islam.
3. Empat pasukan tentera telah disediakan dan bergerak masuk ke kota Makkah menerusi empat arah yang berlainan.
4. Kota Makkah ditawan semula pada tahun 630M..

Newton's First Law of Motion:I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the "Law of Inertia".

Newton's Second Law of Motion:II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. This is the most powerful of Newton's three Laws, because it allows quantitative calculations of dynamics: how do velocities change when forces are applied. Notice the fundamental difference between Newton's 2nd Law and the dynamics of Aristotle: according to Newton, a force causes only a change in velocity (an acceleration); it does not maintain the velocity as Aristotle held.
This is sometimes summarized by saying that under Newton, F = ma, but under Aristotle F = mv, where v is the velocity. Thus, according to Aristotle there is only a velocity if there is a force, but according to Newton an object with a certain velocity maintains that velocity unless a force acts on it to cause an acceleration (that is, a change in the velocity). As we have noted earlier in conjunction with the discussion of Galileo, Aristotle's view seems to be more in accord with common sense, but that is because of a failure to appreciate the role played by frictional forces. Once account is taken of all forces acting in a given situation it is the dynamics of Galileo and Newton, not of Aristotle, that are found to be in accord with the observations.

Newton's Third Law of Motion:III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law is exemplified by what happens if we step off a boat onto the bank of a lake: as we move in the direction of the shore, the boat tends to move in the opposite direction (leaving us facedown in the water, if we aren't careful!).

Golongan Kata
1. Morfologi
# Kata tunggal- bunga, MARA- Majlis Amanah Rakyat
# Kata terbitan- di + saran
# Kata majmuk- kerja + sama = kerjasama
# Kata ganda - budak-budak, lelaki, saudara-mara
2. Kata nama
# Kata nama Am - guru, senyuman
# Kata nama Khas - Azri, Sang Kancil (hidup), Putrajaya (tidak hidup)
3. Kata ganti nama
# Kata ganti nama tunjuk- ini, itu
# Kata ganti nama diri - Pertama: aku,saya,hamba - Kedua: anda, saudara - Ketiga:dia, ia, nya
# Kata ganti nama tanya - apa, siapa, mana
# Kata ganti nama tempat- sana, sini, situ
# Kata ganti nama tak tentu - apa-apa, sesiapa, mana-mana
4.Kata kerja
# Kata kerja tak transitif(tidak memerlukan penyambut) - Berpelengkap: berbuat(tanpa pelengkap), berbuat jahat(pelengkap) -Tanpa pelengkap: beristihara, tersenyum
# Kata kerja transitif - membuka pintu
# Kata kerja pasif- Pertama: Gambar itu aku tulis - Kedua: Hendaklah kamu bersihkan bilik itu. - Ketiga: dipantau oleh -Awalan teR: Ali terlanggar oleh lori - Awalan beR: Seluar anaknya sudah berjahit, belum -Apitan ke...an-kecurian, kehujanan, kesiangan, kehausan -Dengan kata kena- kena tampar, kena ugut, kena tendang
5. Kata adjektif- canggih, jingga, singkat, bulat, lampau, jauh, selalu, geram, manis
6.Kata tugas
# Kata hubung - Kata hubung gabungan: maka, sambil(setara), bukan sahaja, tambahan pula(berpasangan) -Kata hubung pancangan: yang(relatif), bahawa. untuk(kompleme), hingga,apabila, sekiranya , setelah(keterangan)
# Kata seru - aduh, aduhai, ah, amboi, cis, eh, oh, wahai, wah
# Kata tanya-bila, berapa
# Kata perintah- jangan, usah(larangan), tolong(permintaan), jemput,sila(silaan), harap, minta(suruhan)
# Kata pembenar - betul, benar, ya
# Kata pangkal ayat - oleh itu, justeru, namun begitu
# Kata bantu - Kata bantu aspek: telah, sedang, akan, belum -Kata bantu ragam: heandak, dapat , mesti, mungkin
# Kata penegas - hadapan: terlalu, paling - belakang: sekali, benar, nian =Bebas- amat, sungguh
# Kata penegas- jua, juga,, hanya, pun, sahaja, lagi, memang -partikel penegas: -kah, -lah -tah
# Kata nafi- bukan, tidak
# Kata pemeri - ialah, adalah
# Kata sendi nama- di, ke, kepada, daripada, umpama, demi, sejak, oleh, hingga, dalam, antara
# Kata arah - sudut, selatan, tengah, samping, luar, sisi, penjuru, segi
# kata bilangan - tentu: dua puluh -tak tentu: sekalian, beberapa -himpunan: riduan, bertahun-tahun -pisahan: masing-masing, setiap - pecahan: suku, sebahagian, setengah -tingkat: pertama, kelapan
7.Pembentukan kata
#pengimbuhan- Awalan: pe-, peN-, peR-, ke-, se- -Awalan pinjaman: juru-, tata-, pra- eka-, maha-, dwi,panca-, sub- pro- auto- inter-, poli- anti- -Akhiran: -an -Akhirab pinjaman: -wan, -isme-, -si -tik, -wati -Apitan:pe...an, pemer...an -Sisipan:-an-, -el-, -er-
# Penggandaan- kata nama: kunang-kunang, mata-mata -kata kerja: pandang-pandang, cerai-berai - Kata adjektif: hijau-hijau, gundah-gulana
# Pemajmukan - Rangkai kata bebas: susu segar, air hujan -Istilah khusus: mata pelajaran, kertas kerja, hak milik -Kiasan(simpulan bahasa)- asam garam, makan hati

Frasa
-Sekurang-kurangnya satu atau dua perkataan
1. Frasa nama- Beliau guru
2. Frasa Kerja
# Frasa kerja tak transitif- Pengganas itu lari ke dalam hutan [pengganas itu= subjek, lari...=predikat]
# Frasa kata transitif- Pemburu itu menembak tupai itu dengan senapang.
3. Frasa Sendi: Adik saya tiggal di sini.
4. Frasa Adjektif: Cuaca itu ini sejuk banyak.

Klausa
1. Klausa subjek- Apa yang terjadi belum lagi diketahui.
2. Klausa predikat- Tiada seorang pun yang mahu menolongnya.
3. Klausa keterangan- Hujan turun dengan lebatnya sehingga seluruh kampung itu kebanjiran.
4. Klausa penerangan- Kagagalan dalam peperiksaan disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahawa dia malas belajar.
Klausa Utama- Kamu mesti belajat( Klausa utama) untuk mencapai kejayaan(klausa pengikutan).

Ayat
1. Ayat inti- Beliau ialah seorang guru.
2. Ayat penegas- Orang itu ialag pencuri
3. Ayat perbandingan- Ali sepandai Eng Soon.
4. Ayat Penggalan- Pergilah kau dari sini
5. Ayat tunggal- Saya makan nasi.
6. Ayat majmuk- dan, atau, lalu, maka, tetapi
7.Ayat songsang- Pelajar perempuan itu menangis -> Menangis pelajar perampuan itu.

http://www.megic.1go.dk/dontclickeng.htm

世界上最远的距离 The most distant way in the world
不是生与死的距离 is not the way from birth to the end.
而是我站在你面前It is when I sit near you
你不知道我爱你 that you don't understand I love you.
世界上最远的距离 The most distant way in the world
不是我站在你面前 is not that you're not sure I love you.
你不知道我爱你 It is when my love is bewildering the soul
而是爱到痴迷 but I can't speak it out
却不能说我爱你 世界上最远的距离 The most distant way in the world
不是我不能说我爱你 is not that I can't say I love you.
而是想你痛彻心脾 It is after looking into my heart
却只能深埋心底 I can't change my love.
世界上最远的距离The most distant way in the world
不是我不能说我想你 is not that I'm loving you.
而是彼此相爱 It is in our love
却不能够在一起 we are keeping between the distance.
世界上最远的距离 The most distant way inthe world
不是彼此相爱 is not the distance across us.
却不能够在一起 It is when we're breaking through the way
而是明知道真爱无敌 we deny the existance of love.
却装作毫不在意 世界上最远的距离 So the most distant way in the world
不是树与树的距离 is not in two distant trees.
而是同根生长的树枝 It is the same rooted branches
却无法在风中相依 can't enjoy the co-existance.
世界上最远的距离 So the most distant way in the world
不是树枝无法相依 is not in the being sepearated branches.
而是相互了望的星星 It is in the blinking stars
却没有交汇的轨迹 they can't burn the light.
世界上最远的距离 So the most distant way in the world
不是星星之间的轨迹 is not the burning stars.
而是纵然轨迹交汇 It is after the light
却在转瞬间无处寻觅 they can't be seen from afar.
世界上最远的距离 So the most distant way in the world
不是瞬间便无处寻觅 is not the light that is fading away.
而是尚未相遇 It is the coincidence of us
便注定无法相聚 is not supposed for the love.
世界上最远的距离 So the most distant way in the world
是鱼与飞鸟的距离 is the love between the fish and bird.
一个在天 One is flying at the sky,
一个却深潜海底 the other is looking upon into the sea.

Domo (dohh-moh; Thank you or Hi!)
le (eee-eh; No or Don't mention it.)
Hai (hah-ee; Yes)
Wakarimasen (wah-kah-ree-mah-sen; I don't understand.)
Shiriiriasen (she-ree-mah-sen; I don't know the answer to that question.)
Zenzen (zehn-zehn; Not at all or It was nothing.)
Ii desu ne (ee-ee deh-soo neh; That's a great idea!)
Yatta(yaht-tah; Yahoo! I did it.)
Gambatte(gahm-baht-teh; Go for it! or Try your best!)
Omedeto (oh-meh-deh-tohh; Congratulations!)
Yokoso (yohh-koh-soh; Welcome!)
Shinpai shinaide (sheen-pah-ee shee-nah-ee-deh; Don't worry!)
Makasete (mah-kahTseh-teh; Count on me!)
So, so (sohh, sohh; You're right, you're right!) Used when you agree with someone's statement. This phrase is similar to what you mean when you say "yeah" in the middle of an English conversation just to let the other person know that you're listening.
Dame (dah-meh; You're not allowed to do that or That's bad!) Used when you want to stop someone from doing something or when you want to say that something is bad or impermissible. You'd never say this phrase to a superior or to someone older than you. You can say it to children, siblings, or very close friends.
Enryo shinaide (Don't be shy)
Japanese guests often refuse food or drink offers at least once. If you're the host, say enryo shinaide (ehn-ryoh shee-nah-ee-deh).
Mottainai (What a Waste/It's too qood)
Say mottainai (moht-tah-ee-nah-ee) to object to waste. You can also say it if someone lacks a true appreciation for something valuable.
Osakini (Pardon me, but I'm ieavinq now)
When you have to leave a gathering early, say osakini (oh-sah-kee-nee; literally means earlier) to display your thoughtfulness for others.
Sasuga (I'm impressed by you, as usual)
Sasuga (sah-soo-gah) literally means "as might have been expected," but it's commonly used as a compliment. If a friend wins a competition, say pasuga.
Gambatte (Try your best!)
The Japanese believe that the effort is more important than the result. If a friend's going to take an important exam, say gambatte (gahm-baht-teh) to her.
Shoganai (There's no choice/There's nothing that can be done)
When you're in a jam and none of the possible solutions will work well, choose one and say shoganai (shohh-gah-nah-ee), which shows that you've resigned yourself to the situation.
Okage-sama de (Luckily/Thanks to you)
If someone asks ogenki desu ka (oh-gehn-kee deh-soo kah; How are you?), answer with the modest okage-sama de (oh-kah-geh-sah-mah de) rather than genki desu (gehn-kee deh-soo; I'm fine). The original meaning is that your well-being is due to God and others, including the person you're talking to.
Gokuro-sama (Thank you for your trouble)
If you're the boss, say gokur5-sama (goh-koo-rohh-sah-mah) to each of your workers when they say good-bye to you at the end of the day.
yoroshiku (Pleased to meet you/1 appreciate your helping me)
You can say yoroshiku (yoh-roh-shee-koo) when you first meet someone, as in you're pleased to meet him. You can also say it after asking a favor of someone, in which case it means "I appreciate your helping me."
Taihen desu ne (That's tough)
Use this phrase to show sympathy, such as when your friend tells you about her difficulties.

Hello-KONNICHIWA
Good Morning-OHAYOUGOZAIMAS
Good Afternoon-KONNICHIWA
Good Evening-KONBANWA
Good Night-OYASUMINASAI
Good Bye-SAYOUNARA
Thank you-ARIGATOUGOZAIMAS
How are you doing?-GENKIDESKA?
I am fine. Thank you.-GENKIDES
I am hungry-ONAKA GA SUKIMASHITA
How do you do?-HAJIMEMASHITE
What is your name?-ONAMAEWA?
I, me, myself-WATASHI
am, are, is-DESU
you-ANATA
American (person)-AMERIKA-JIN
Japanese (person)-NIHON-JIN
college student-DAIGAKU-SEI
high school student-KOOKOO-SEI
My name is Katsumi-WATASHI WA KATSUMI TO IIMAS
Wife-TSUMA
Husband-OTTO
Son-MUSUKO
Daughter-MUSUME
Girl-friend / Boy-friend -KOIBITO
one-ICHI
two-NI
three-SAN
four-YON/SHI
five-go
six-roku
seven-NANA/SHICHI
eight-HACHI
nine-KYU/KU
ten-JU

Katakana

Hiragana

白羊座 bai yang zuo おひつじ座 Aries
半人马座 ban ren ma zuo ケンタウルス座 Centaurus
宝瓶座 bao ping zuo みずがめ座 Aquarius
北冕座 bei mianzuo きたかんむり座 Corona Borealis
波江座 bo jiang zuo エリダヌス座 Eridanus
苍蝇座 cang ying zuo はえ座 Musca
豺狼座 chai lang zuo おおかみ座 Lupus
长蛇座 chang she zuo うみへび座 Hydra
船底座 chuan di zuo りゅうこつ座 Carina
船帆座 chuan fan zuo ほ座 Vela
船尾座 chuan wei zuo とも座 Puppis
大犬座 da quan zuo おおいぬ座 Canis Major
大熊座 da xiong zuo おおぐま座 Ursa Major
雕具座 diao ju zuo ちょうこくぐ座 Caelum
杜鹃座 du juan zuo きょしちょう座 Tucana
盾牌座 dun pai zuo たて座 Scutum
飞马座 fei ma zuo ペガサス座 Pegasus
飞鱼座 fei yu zuo とびうお座 Volans
凤凰座 feng huang zuo ほうおう座 Phoenix
海豚座 hai tun zuo いるか座 Delphinus
后发座 hou fa zuo かみのけ座 Coma Berenices
狐狸座 hu li zuo こぎつね座 Vulpecula
绘架座 hui jia zuo がか座 Pictor
唧筒座 ji tong zuo ポンプ座 Antlia
剑鱼座 jian yu zuo かじき座 Dorado
金牛座 jinniuzuo おうし座 Taurus
鲸鱼座 jing yu zuo くじら座 Cetus
巨爵座 jujuezuo コップ座 Crater
巨蛇座 ju she zuo へび座 Serpens
巨蟹座 ju xie zuo かに座 Cancer
矩尺座 ju chi zuo じょうぎ座 Norma
孔雀座 kong que zuo くじゃく座 Pavo
猎户座 lie hu zuo オリオン座 Orion
猎犬座 lie quan zuo りょうけん座 Canes Venaici
六分仪座 liu fen yi zuo ろくぶんぎ座 Sextans
鹿豹座 lu bao zuo きりん座？ Camelopardalis
罗盘座 luo pan zuo らしんばん座 Pyxis
摩羯座 mo jie zuo やぎ座 Capricornus
牧夫座 mu fu zuo うしかい座 Bootes
南极座 nan ji zuo はちぶんぎ座 Octans
南冕座 nan mian zuo みなみのかんむり座 Corona Austrina
南三角座 nan san jiao zuo みなみのさんかく座 Triangulum Australe
南十字座 nan shi zi zuo みなみじゅうじ座 Crux
南鱼座 nan yu zuo みなみのうお座 Piscis Austrinus
麒麟座 qi lin zuo いっかくじゅう座？ Monoceros
人马座 ren ma zuo いて座 Sagittarius
三角座 san jiao zuo さんかく座 Triangulum
山案座 shan an zuo テーブルさん座 Mensa
蛇夫座 she fu zuo へびつかい座 Ophiuchus
狮子座 shi zi zuo しし座 Leo
室女座 shi nv zuo おとめ座 Virgo
时钟座 shi zhong zuo とけい座 Horologium
双鱼座 shuang yu zuo うお座 Pisces
双子座 shuang zi zuo ふたご座 Gemini
水蛇座 shui she zuo みずへび座 Hydrus
天鹅座 tian e zuo はくちょう座 Cygnus
天鸽座 tian ge zuo はと座 Columba
天鹤座 tian he zuo つる座 Grus
天箭座 tian jian zuo や座 Sagitta
天龙座 tian long zuo りゅう座 Draco
天炉座 tian lu zuo ろ座 Fornax
天猫座 tian mao zuo やまねこ座 Lynx
天平座 tian ping zuo てんびん座 Libra
天琴座 tian qin zuo こと座 Lyra
天坛座 tian tan zuo さいだん座 Ara
天兔座 tian tu zuo うさぎ座 Lepus
天蝎座 tian xie zuo さそり座 Scorpius
天燕座 tian yan zuo ふうちょう座 Apus
天鹰座 tian ying zuo わし座 Aquila
天舟座 tian zhou zuo アルゴ座 Argo
网罟座 wang gu zuo レチクル座 Reticulum
望远镜座 wang yuan jing zuo ぼうえんきょう座 Telescopium
乌鸦座 wu ya zuo からす座 Corvus 武仙座 wu xian zuo ヘルクレス座 Hercules
仙后座 xian hou zuo カシオペヤ座 Cassiopeia
仙女座 xian nv zuo アンドロメダ座 Andromeda
仙王座 xian wang zuo ケフェウス座 Cepheus
显微镜座 xian wei jing zuo けんびきょう座 Microscopium
小马座 xiao ma zuo こうま座 Equuleus
小犬座 xiao quan zuo こいぬ座 Canis Minor
小狮座 xiao shi zuo こじし座 Leo Minor
小熊座 xiao xiong zuo こぐま座 Ursa Minor
蝎虎座 xie hu zuo とかげ座 Lacerta
虫偃 蜓座 yan ting zuo カメレオン座 Chamaeleon
英仙座 ying xian zuo ペルレオン座
Perseus 印第安座 yin di an zuo インデアン座 Indus
玉夫座 yu fu zuo ちょうこくしつ座 Sculptor
御夫座 yu fu zuo ぎょしゃ座 Auriga
圆规座 yuan gui zuo コンパス座 Circinus
天猫座 tian mao zuo やまねこ座 Lynx

Group 1 elements- Alkali metals:
Lithium(Li) Sodium(Na) Potassium(K) Rubidium(Rb) Caesium(Cs) Francium(Fr)
~All alkali metals are silver-colored, soft, low density metals, high electropositivity, good conductors of heat and electricity.
Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
----------Float on wate---------I--------Sink in water------------
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -decreases gradually
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the metallic bonding between the atoms of alkali metals becomes weaker. Hence, less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker metallic bonding during melting or boiling.
Hardness -softer
Reactivity -increases
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the single valence electron becomes futher away from the nucleus. This causes the single valence electron can to be more weakly pulled by the nucleus. Thus, the single valence electron can be release more easily to achieve a stable electron arrangement.
Electropositivity -increases
Reactions of alkali metals with water:
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Example:
2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Reactions of alkali metals with oxygen:
Alkali metal + oxygen → Alkali metal oxide
Example:
4K (s) + O2 (g) → 2KO2H (s)
Reactions of alkali metals with chlorine and bromine:
Alkali metal + chlorine → Alkali metal chloride
Example:
2K (s) +Cl2 (g) → 2KCl (s)
Alkali metal + bromine → Alkali metal bromide
Example:
2K (s) +Br2 (g) → 2KBr (s)

Group 2 elements- Alkali earth metals:
Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (Sr) Barium (Ba) Radium (Ra)
The alkaline earth metals are silvery colored, soft, low density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water, though not as rapidly as the alkali metals, to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. For example, where sodium and potassium react with water at room temperature, magnesium reacts only with steam and calcium with hot water:

Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH) 2 + H2

Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent.

All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions.

Group 3 to group 12 elements- Transition metals:
There are several common characteristic properties of transition elements:
They often form colored compounds.
Example:
Compound of transition elements Colour
Cobalt chloride crystal Pink
Copper(II) sulphate crystal Blue
Iron(II) sulphate crystal Pale yellow
Iron(III) sulphate crystal Brown
They can have a variety of different oxidation states.
Example:
Transition metals Oxidation number in compounds
Iron +2, +3
Nickel +2, +3
Copper +1, +2
Manganese +2, +3, +4 , +6, +7
Chromium +2, +3,
At least one of their compounds has an incomplete d-electron subshell.
They are often good catalysts.
Example:
Nickel acts as catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene to form the corresponding alkane.
Cn H2n+H2--Ni→ Cn H2n+2
They are silvery-blue at room temperature (except copper and gold).
They are solids at room temperature (except mercury).
They form complex ions (aqua ones included).
Example:
Tetraamminecopper(II) ion,[Cu(NH3)4]2+
They are often paramagnetic.

Poor metals
The trivial name poor metals (or post-transition metals) is sometimes applied to the metallic elements in the p-block of the periodic table. Their melting and boiling points are generally lower than those of the transition metals and their electronegativity higher, and they are also softer. They are distinguished from the metalloids, however, by their significantly-greater boiling points in the same row.
"Poor metals" is not a rigorous IUPAC-approved nomenclature, but the grouping is generally taken to include aluminium, gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead and bismuth; germanium, antimony and polonium are occasionally included, although these are usually considered to be metalloids or "semi-metals". Elements 113 to 116, which are currently allocated the systematic names ununtrium, ununquadium, ununpentium and ununhexium, would likely exhibit properties characteristic of poor metals; however as yet insufficient quantities of them have been synthesized to examine their chemical properties.

Nonmetals
The nonmetals are generally to:
Hydrogen (H)
In Group 14: Carbon (C)
In Group 15 (the pnictogens): Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)
Several elements in Group 16, the chalcogens: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se)
All elements in Group 17 - the halogens
All elements in Group 18 - the noble gases
Common properties considered characteristic of a nonmetal include:
poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals
they form acidic oxides (whereas metals generally form basic oxides)
in solid form, they are dull and brittle, rather than metals which are lustrous, ductile or malleable
usually have lower densities than metals
they have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than metals
non-metals have high electronegativity

Semi-metals- Metalloids
There is no rigorous definition of the term, however the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids:
metalloids often form amphoteric oxides.
metalloids often behave as semiconductors (B,Si,Ge) to semimetals (eg. Sb).
The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused. Metalloid refers to the properties of certain elements in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of materials (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two.
Some allotropes of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element carbon, its diamond allotrope is clearly non-metallic, however the graphite allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. Phosphorus, tin, selenium and bismuth also have allotropes which display borderline behavior.

In the standard layout of the periodic table, metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to astatine. Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase." The poor metals are to the left and down and the nonmetals are to the right and up. In addition, the halogens are found at the bottom right.

Lanthanides and actinides
The chemical properties of the lanthanides (elements 57-71) and the actinides (elements 89-103) are even more similar to each other than the transition metals, and separating a mixture of these can be very difficult. This is important in the chemical purification of uranium concerning nuclear power.

Group 17 elements- Halogens
Fluorine(F) Chlorine(Cl) Bromine(Br) Iodine(I) Astatine(At)
~Halogens exist as diatomic molecules, low density, high electronegativity, good oxidising agents, weak conductors of heat and cannot conduct electricity.
Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -increases gradually
Reason: As the molecular size increases, the force of attraction(van der Waals forces) become stronger. Consequently, more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger of attraction during melting or boiling.
Colour -Pale yellow-----Greenish-yellow-----Reddish-brown------purplish-black
Reactivity -decreases
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the single valence electron becomes futher away from the nucleus. Therefore, the strength of the nucleus of a halogen atom to attract one more electron into the outermost shells to achieve an octet electron arrangement decreases.
Electronegativity -decreases
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electrons in the atom with halogens increases. This cause the outermost occupied shell to become further away from nucleus. Hence, the strength of the nucleus to attract outermost shell electrons becomes weaker.
Reactions of halogens with water:
Example:
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → HCl(aq) + HOCl (aq)
Chlorine Water Hydrochloric acid Hypochlorous acid
Reactions of halogens with iron:
Example:
2Fe(s) + 3Cl(g) → 2FeCl3 (s)
Iron Chlorine Iron(III) chloride
Reactions of chlorine with sodium hydroxide solution:
Example:
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O
Chlorine Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate Water

Group 18 elements- Noble gases:
Helium(He) Neon(Ne) Argon(Ar) Kryton(Kr) Xenon(Xe) Radon(Rn)
~All noble gases exist as single atom(monoatomic) which with a duplet and octet electron arrangement, colourless gases, insoluble in water, low density, weak conductors of heat and cannot conduct electricity.

Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -increases gradually
Reason: As the molecular size increases, the force of attraction(van der Waals forces) become stronger. Consequently, more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger of attraction during melting or boiling.

1
Kepercayaan kepada tuhan
Keyakinan wujudnya Tuhan sebagai pencipta alam dan mematuhi segala suruhanNya berlandaskan pegangan agama masing-masing selaras dengan prinsip Rukun Negara
2
Amanah
Sikap bertanggungjawab yang boleh menimbulkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan orang lain
3
Harga diri
Keupayaan dan keyakinan diri agar mampu memulia dan menjaga maruah diri dalam kehidupan
4
Bertanggungjawab
Kesanggupan diri seseorang untuk memikul dan melaksanakan tugas serta kewajipan dengan sempurna
5
Hemah tinggi
Beradab sopan dan berbudi pekerti mulia dalam pergaulan seharian
6
Tolenrasi
Kesanggupan bertolak ansur, sabar dan mengawal diri bagi mengelakkan berlakunya pertelingkahan dan perselisihan faham demi kesejahteraan hidup
7
Berdikari
Kebolehan dan kesanggupan melakukan sesuatu tanpa bergantung kepada orang lain
8
Kerajinan
Usaha yang berterusan penuh dangan semangat ketekunan, kecekalan, kegigihan, dedikasi dan berdaya maju dalam melakukan sesuatu perkara
9
Kasih sayang
Kepekaan dan perasaan cinta yang mendalam serta berkekalan yang lahir daripada hati yang ikhlas
10
Keadilan
Tindakan dan keputusan yang saksama serta tidak berat sebelah
11
Rasional
Boleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan dan buktl yang nyata dan dapat mengambil tindakan berasaskan pertimbangan yang wajar
12
Kesederhanaan
Bersikap tidak keterlaluan dalam membuat pertimbangan dan tindakan sama ada dalam pemikiran, pertuturan atau perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan diri dan orang lain
13
Kasih sayang terhadap keluarga
Perasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang yang mendalam dan berkekalan terhadap keluarga
14
Hormat dan taat kepada anggota keluarga
Memuliakan setiap anggota keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan menberi layanan secara bersopan untuk mewujudkan keluarga yang harmoni
15
Mengekalkan tradisi kekeluargaan
Menerima, menghormati dan mengamaikan sesuatu kebiasaan, adat dan kepercayaan yang diwarisi secara turun temurun dalam keluarga
16
Tanggungjawab terhadap keluaga
Kewajipan yang harus dilaksanakan oleh setiap individu terhadap keluarga untuk melahirkan keluarga bahagia, meningkatkan imej dan menjaga maruah keluarga
17
Menyayangi dan menghargai alam sekitar
Kesedaran tentang perlunya memelihara dan memulihara alam sekeliling untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem
18
Keharmonian antara manusia dengan alam sekitar
Keadaan saling memerlukan hubungan yang harmoni antara manusia dengan alam sekeliling supaya kualiti kehidupan manusia dan alam sekeliling terpelihara
19
Kemapanan alam sekitar
Pengekalan keseimbangan alam sekeliling sebagai tanggungjawab bersama untuk kesejahteraan hidup
20
Peka terhadap isu-isu alam sekitar
Prihatin terhadap persoalan yang berkaitan dengan alam sekeliling dan berusaha menyelesaikannya
21
Cinta akan Negara
Perasaan sayang dan bangga kepada negara serta meletakkan kepentingan negara melebihi kepentingan diri
22
Taat dan setia kepada Raja dan Negara
Kepatuhan dan kesetiaan yang berkekalan kepada Raja dan Negara
23
Sanggup berkorban untuk negara
Kerelaan melakukan atau menyerahkan sesuatu termasuk nyawa sebagai tanda kebaktian untuk Negara
24
Melindungi hak kanak-kanak
Membela, memberi naungan dan memelihara hak kanak-kanak bagi menjamin kehiudupan mereka yang sempurna
25
Menhormati hak wanita
Melindungi dan mengiktirafkan wanita sebagai individu yang boleh memberi sumbangan dalam pembangunan keluarga, masyarakat, dan negara
26
Melindungi hak pekerja
Menghormati, menghargai, dan mengiktirafkan perkhidmatan, jasa, dan sumbangan dalam pembangunan negara
27
Menhormati hak golongan kurang berupaya
Memberi layanan secara bersopan kepada golongan kurang berupaya supaya tidak berasa tersisih dan mengiktirafkan mereka sebagai insan ciptaan tuhan
28
Melindungi hak pengguna
Membela dan memelihara hak individu untuk menjadi pengguna yang berilmu, mendapat perkhidmatan serta barangan yang berkualiti dan tidak mudah dieksplotasi
29
Mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang
Menerima dan mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang yang telah ditentukan tanpa mengira sesiapa dan di mana seseorang itu berada
30
Kebebasan bersuara
Kebebasan berucap dan mengeluarkan fikiran dengan batasan tertentu bagi menjaga keselamatan dan ketenteraman
31
Kebebasan beragamaan
Kebebasan setiap individu untuk menganut dan memelihara agamanya seperti yang diperuntukan dalam Perlembangan Malaysia
32
Penglibatan diri dalam pembangunan negara
Kebebasan untuk melibatkan diri dalam pelbagai aktiviti pembangunan negara dengan mematuhi peraturan, undang-undangan dan Perlembagaan Malaysia
33
Sikap keterbukaan
Bersedia memberi dan menerima pandangan, pembaharuan dan kritikan selaras dengan kebeneran fakta dan norma masyarakat
34
Hidup bersama secara aman
Hidup berbaik-baik antara satu sama lain dengan mengutamakan kedamaian dan keharmonian hidup tanpa mengira agama, bangsa dan budaya
35
Saling membantu dan bekerjasama
Usaha yang baik dan membina yang dilakukan bersama pada peringkat individu, komuniti atau negara untuk mencapai sesuatu matlamat
36
Saling menghormati antara negara
Menghargai dan memuliakan hubungan antara untuk menjamin kesejahteraan sejagat

Name: Jekyuen @Michelle
Email:jekyuen@hotmail.com
Birth:12th June 1991
Location:KL, Malaysia
HP. no.:016-######0
School:SSS
Tuition:Han Ling
Favourites:
-TVXQ, Super Junior,SS501, JJ, S.H.E.
-all colours
-water
-chocolate
-Mandarin, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry
-story book,outer space
-playing computer,listening song,playing piano, karaoke,make friends
-doraemon
Dislike:
-busybody, 38, stingy,bother human
-Add math, History (so boring)
-drug
-durian
Contact:
HOTMAIL
Email:jekyuen@hotmail.com(add me if you know me)
Email:michelle_chang0612@hotmail.com9add me if you don't know me)
BLOG
http://jekyuen.blogspot.com
http://yuen91.blog.sohu.com
http://mcassiopeia.multiply.com
FRIENDSTER
http://www.friendster.com/mcassiopeia
http://www.friendster.com/jekyuen
Family: grandpa, grandma, mum, dad, brother, sister, more...
School classmates in 2007:rosemund,kha hoi,stephanie,audrey,yvonne,kah yerng,kar lin,min yee,simone(already changed class),faith,set wern,mee kuan,karen,jaren,yuen june,poi yen,
jiunn huah,kishan,yi fei,kong fai,choon yik,jun sheng,chan hui,chun yew,michael(taiwan exchange student)
Now tition classmates:elaine,sherry,pik kuan,ellen(prawn),jia jie,toh kang,kim hooi,peter,kristy,kuan seng,ming quan,hon fai,michael,jun hao, more...
Other friends:choo ching,lee kuan,alvin,chia hong,mei yi,ai yuen,jia wen,yong da,more...
My teachers:da lao shi(wu xian jia), zhong lao shi, xiao lao shi(wu shuo wei), SK, Mr.Yu(fishy u),Gamesh, Ramesh, Umi, Halidah, paulina, fam fam, prima, more....
Horoscope: Gemini