THE SIMPLE PENDULUM
ITS PERIOD OF OSCILLATION
TO MEASURE G= 9.807 MS-2
AND AS A CLOCK

NAME:

CLASS:

TEACHER:

EXAMINATION CODE:

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
 PENDULUM
 HISTORY OF PENDULUM

 MAIN BODY
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
 GRAPH OF T AGAINST L
 PLOTTING OF TWO DIFFERENT VARIABLES
 COUNTING OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION
 SIMPLE PENDULUM AS A DEVICE
 TO MEASURE TIME

2. FURTHER EXPLORATION

3. CONCLUSION

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Introduction

Pendulum

A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot, from which it can swing freely. This object is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it toward an equilibrium position. When the pendulum is displaced from its place of rest, the restoring force will cause the pendulum to oscillate about the equilibrium position.
A basic example is the simple gravity pendulum or bob pendulum. This is a mass (or bob) on the end of a massless string, which, when initially displaced, will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity over its central (lowest) point.
The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for time keeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.
History of Pendulum
As recorded in the 5th century Chinese Book of Later Han, one of the earliest uses of the pendulum was in the seismometer device of the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) scientist and inventor Zhang Heng (78-139). Its function was to sway and activate a series of levers after being disturbed by the tremor of an earthquake far away. After this was triggered, a small ball would fall out of the urn-shaped device into a metal toad's mouth below, signifying the cardinal direction of where the earthquake was located (and where government aid and assistance should be swiftly sent). An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Yunus, is known to have described an early pendulum in the 10th century.

Galileo Galilei
Among his scientific studies, Galileo Galilei performed a number of observations of all the properties of pendulums. His interest in the pendulum may have been sparked by looking at the swinging motion of a chandelier in the Pisa cathedral. He began serious studies of the pendulum around 1602. Galileo discovered the key property that makes pendulums useful timekeepers: isochronism, which means that the period of the pendulum is approximately independent of the amplitude (width) of its swing, so that successive swings of the pendulum will take the same amount of time even if the swing is decreasing due to friction. He also found that the period of a pendulum is independent of the mass of its bob, and proportional to the square root of its length. The isochronism of the pendulum suggested a practical application for use as a metronome to aid musical students, and possibly for use in a clock.
Perhaps based upon the ideas of Galileo, in 1656 the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens patented a mechanical clock that employed a pendulum to regulate the movement. This approach proved much more accurate than previous time pieces, such as the hourglass. Following an illness, in 1665 Huygens made a curious observation about pendulum clocks. Two such clocks had been placed on his fireplace mantel, and he noted that they had acquired an opposing motion. That is, they were beating in unison but in the opposite direction—an anti-phase motion. Regardless of how the two clocks were adjusted, he found that they would eventually return to this state, thus making the first recorded observation of a coupled oscillator.
During his Académie des Sciences expedition to Cayenne, French Guiana in 1671, Jean Richer demonstrated that the periodicity of a pendulum was slower at Cayenne than at Paris. From this he deduced that the force of gravity was lower at Cayenne. Huygens reasoned that the centripetal force of the Earth's rotation modified the weight of the pendulum bob based on the latitude of the observer.
In his 1673 work Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum, Christiaan Huygens published his theory of the pendulum. He demonstrated that for an object to descend a curve under gravity in the same time interval, regardless of the starting point, it must follow a cycloid curve, rather than the circular arc that a pendulum follows. This confirmed the earlier observation by Marin Mersenne that the period of a pendulum does vary with amplitude, and that Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings in the neighborhood of the center line.
The English scientist Robert Hooke devised the conical pendulum, consisting of a pendulum that is free to swing in both directions. By analyzing the circular movements of the pendulum bob, he used it to analyze the orbital motions of the planets. Hooke would suggest to Isaac Newton in 1679 that the components of orbital motion consisted of inertial motion along a tangent direction plus an attractive motion in the radial direction. Isaac Newton was able to translate this idea into a mathematical form that described the movements of the planets with a central force that obeyed an inverse square law—Newton's law of universal gravitation. Robert Hooke was also responsible for suggesting (as early as 1666) that the pendulum could be used to measure the force of gravity.
In 1851, Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault suspended a pendulum (later named the Foucault pendulum) from the dome of the Panthéon in Paris. It was the third Foucault pendulum he constructed, the first one was constructed in his basement and the second one was a demonstration model with a length of 11 meters. The mass of the pendulum in Pantheon was 28 kg and the length of the arm was 67 m. The Foucault pendulum was a worldwide sensation: it was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation with a purely indoors experiment. Once the Paris pendulum was set in motion the plane of motion was observed to precess about 270° clockwise per day. A pendulum located at either of the poles will precess 360° per day relative to the ground it is suspended above. There is a mathematical relation between the latitude where a Foucault pendulum is deployed and its rate of precession; the period of the precession is inversely proportional to the sine of the latitude.
For 270 years, from their invention until quartz crystal oscillators superseded them in the 1920s, pendulums were the world's most accurate timekeeping technology. The most accurate pendulum clocks, called astronomical regulators, were installed in astronomical observatories, and served as standards to set all other clocks. The National Institute of Standards and Technology based the U.S. national time standard on the Riefler clock made by the German firm Clemens Riefler, from 1904 until 1929. This pendulum clock maintained an accuracy of a few hundredths of a second per day. It was briefly replaced by the double-pendulum W. H. Shortt clock, before the NIST switched to quartz clocks in the 1930s.

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Procedure

* I feel lazy to upload this because these pages contain a lots of pictures....

If you want, please email me: xiaomi91@hotmail.com


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Conclusion

My data showed the period of my simple pendulum to be independent of mass, which is consistent with the uncertainty of the measurements made with the stopwatch.

Time is measured to the nearest 0.01s but I might expect the vagueness of the measurements to be slightly larger than that since the stopwatch itself is somewhat inadequate and there is some small variation in the reaction time of the experimenter which is me.

My value of G was within 5.935% of the theoretical value, but again the range of the experimental values obtained for G does not quite take account of the expected experimental value. These differences are small and can probably be explained by some of the small errors listed above, which were not necessarily accounted for in the uncertainty calculations. Hence my result seem to be in agreement with existing theory, but in order to determine this for certain, I would need to do further investigation, attempting to control some of these variables.





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Negara kita mempunyai pelbagai kaum yang memiliki hari perayaan tersendiri. Pada majlis perayaan ini, semua kaum akan merayakannya bersama-sama.

Pada pendapat anda, apakah kebaikan-kebaikan perayaan ini disambut bersama-samaNegara kita dikenali sebagai syurga perayaan kerana mempunyai banyak perayaan yang disambut oleh masyarakatnya yang berbilang kaum. Kita mempunyai Tahun Batu Cina, Hari Raya, Krismas, Deepavali dann banyak lagi perayaan yang disambut oleh penduduk negara ini. Perayaan ini telah memberi satu dimensi baru kepada masyarakat kita dan luar tentang erti perayaan sebenar. Kepelbagaian perayaan di negara ini turut membuka banyak kebaikan kepada negara dan masyarakat yang mendiami negara tercinta ini.

Kesan yang paling ketara ialah perayaan ini telah meningkatkan hubungan dan interaksi antara penduduk yang berbilang kaum ini. Semua pihak memahami dan terlibat dalam perayaan yang disambut oleh kaum lain. Lawatan ke rumah terbukaa yang diamalkan telah mengeratkan hubungan antara kaum. Jadi, kekerapan interaksi ini menyebabkan wujudnya perpaduan yang utuh di negara ini yang menjadi sanjungan masyarakat luar.

Selain itu, golongan remaja mampu memahami erti perpaduan kepada negara ini. Mereka yang tidak mengalami kesusahan ketika era awal kemerdekaan mungkin memandang enteng perpaduan. Namun, apabila mereka melihat suasana perayaan barulah mereka memahami dan menyanjungi erti perpaduan. Keadaan ini menyebabkan remaja yang dilahirkan merupakan remaja berwawasan dan terbilang. Semuanya gara-gara wujudnya perayaan yang pelbagai di negara ini. Cuba bayangkan tiadanya sambutan perayaan di negara ini?

Pandangan masyarakat terutama orang luar turut berubah. Negara akan dilihat sebagai mempunyai keunikan perayaan yang tidak mampu dilihat di negara lain. Kepelbagaian perayaan ini memberi satu bentuk unik dalam pandangan orang asing terhadap negara ini. Lantaran itu kehadiran pelancong asing turut bertambah kerana mereka ingin dan berpeluang melihat pelbagai perayaan dalam sebuah negara daripada pergi ke beberapa negara untuk melihat pelbagai perayaan. Malaysia satu negara tetapi banyak perayaan.

Malahan, kepelbagaian perayaan ini menyebabkan ekonomi negara terus berkembang. Keadaan ini wujud kerana pelbagai pesta pembelian akan dijalankan untuk setiap perayaan yang disambut oleh masyarakat di sini. Kekerapan masyarakat negara untuk berbelanja setiap kali perayaan amatlah tinggi dan memberi ruang kepada ahli perniagaan untuk mengaut keuntungan. Sudah pasti situasi ini menjana pertumbuhan ekonomi negara.

Kesimpulannya, perayaan yang ada di negara kita bukanlah sesuatu kekangan tetapi satu rahmat yang harus digunakan dengan sebaik mungkin. Kita harus menjadikan perayaan itu sebagai cubaan untuk merapatkan hubungan dan mengurangkan perbezaan antara kaum. Kalau itu mampu diccapai sudah pasti kemakmuran negara akan berkekalan. Sememangnya Malaysia sebuah negara yang melambang erti benua Asia kerana mempunyai pelbagai keturunan dan perayaan.

Perjanjian Aqabah

1. Ditandatangani pada tahun 612M. antara orang Arab dengan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w..
2. Perjanjian ini dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Aqabah Pertama.
3. Suku Aus dan Khazjah hendaklah beriman kepada Allah dan Rasul.
4. Satu lagi perjanjian antara Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dengan suku Aus dan Khazjah ialah pada tahun 622M..
5. Perjanjian ini dikenali sebagai Perjanjian Aqabah Kedua.
6. Suku Aus dan Khazjah menjemput Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dan orang Islam di Makkah berhijrah ke kota Makkah.

Piagam Madinah

1. Merupakan seduah perlembagaan bertulis yang pertama dirangka di dunia.
2. Menjadi asas negara berdaulat.
3. Asas pemerintahan kerajaan Islam Madinah.
4. Mencacatkan tentang peraturan, tanggungjawab ketua negara dan rakyatnya, serta berasakan persetujuan orang Islam dan orang bukan Islam.
5. Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dilantik sebagai pemimpin.

Hijrah

1. Berasal daripada perkataan Arab yang bermaksud berpindah.
2. Hijrah bermaksud perpindahan orang Islam dari Makkah ke Madinah.
3. Orientalis Barat mentafsirkan hijrah sebagai suatu pelarian.
4. Pernghijrahan adalah disebabkan perintah Allah melalui wahyu.
5. Hijrah bertujuan untuk meneruskan penyebaran agama Islam.
6. Menberi peluang kepada Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. untuk mendamaikan suku Arab di Madinah.

Penyerbaan Islam

1. Menghantar perutusan ke rom, Rom Timur, Parsi, Mesir, dan wilayah di sekitar Semenanjung Tanah Arab.
2. Pertempuran dan peperangan dalam Islam bertujuan menentang kezaliman dan menpertahankan diri.
3. Contoh peperangan: Perang Badar, Perang Uhud, Perang Khandak, dan Perang Tabuk.

Perjanjian Hudaibiyah

1. Orang Islam bercadsang untuk menziarahi Makkah pada tahun 628M..
2. Orang Islam Quraisy di Hubaibiyah menyekat kedatangan orang Islam Madinah,
3. Perjanjian Hudaibiyah termeterai antara Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dengan Suhail bin Amru.
4. Orang Islam berpeluang untuk menunaikan haji pada tahun 629M..

Pembukaan Semula Kota Makkah

1. Kota Madinah ialah tempat kelahiran Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.
2. Tempat lahirnya agama Islam.
3. Empat pasukan tentera telah disediakan dan bergerak masuk ke kota Makkah menerusi empat arah yang berlainan.
4. Kota Makkah ditawan semula pada tahun 630M..

Newton's First Law of Motion:I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the "Law of Inertia".

Newton's Second Law of Motion:II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. This is the most powerful of Newton's three Laws, because it allows quantitative calculations of dynamics: how do velocities change when forces are applied. Notice the fundamental difference between Newton's 2nd Law and the dynamics of Aristotle: according to Newton, a force causes only a change in velocity (an acceleration); it does not maintain the velocity as Aristotle held.
This is sometimes summarized by saying that under Newton, F = ma, but under Aristotle F = mv, where v is the velocity. Thus, according to Aristotle there is only a velocity if there is a force, but according to Newton an object with a certain velocity maintains that velocity unless a force acts on it to cause an acceleration (that is, a change in the velocity). As we have noted earlier in conjunction with the discussion of Galileo, Aristotle's view seems to be more in accord with common sense, but that is because of a failure to appreciate the role played by frictional forces. Once account is taken of all forces acting in a given situation it is the dynamics of Galileo and Newton, not of Aristotle, that are found to be in accord with the observations.

Newton's Third Law of Motion:III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This law is exemplified by what happens if we step off a boat onto the bank of a lake: as we move in the direction of the shore, the boat tends to move in the opposite direction (leaving us facedown in the water, if we aren't careful!).

Golongan Kata
1. Morfologi
# Kata tunggal- bunga, MARA- Majlis Amanah Rakyat
# Kata terbitan- di + saran
# Kata majmuk- kerja + sama = kerjasama
# Kata ganda - budak-budak, lelaki, saudara-mara
2. Kata nama
# Kata nama Am - guru, senyuman
# Kata nama Khas - Azri, Sang Kancil (hidup), Putrajaya (tidak hidup)
3. Kata ganti nama
# Kata ganti nama tunjuk- ini, itu
# Kata ganti nama diri - Pertama: aku,saya,hamba - Kedua: anda, saudara - Ketiga:dia, ia, nya
# Kata ganti nama tanya - apa, siapa, mana
# Kata ganti nama tempat- sana, sini, situ
# Kata ganti nama tak tentu - apa-apa, sesiapa, mana-mana
4.Kata kerja
# Kata kerja tak transitif(tidak memerlukan penyambut) - Berpelengkap: berbuat(tanpa pelengkap), berbuat jahat(pelengkap) -Tanpa pelengkap: beristihara, tersenyum
# Kata kerja transitif - membuka pintu
# Kata kerja pasif- Pertama: Gambar itu aku tulis - Kedua: Hendaklah kamu bersihkan bilik itu. - Ketiga: dipantau oleh -Awalan teR: Ali terlanggar oleh lori - Awalan beR: Seluar anaknya sudah berjahit, belum -Apitan ke...an-kecurian, kehujanan, kesiangan, kehausan -Dengan kata kena- kena tampar, kena ugut, kena tendang
5. Kata adjektif- canggih, jingga, singkat, bulat, lampau, jauh, selalu, geram, manis
6.Kata tugas
# Kata hubung - Kata hubung gabungan: maka, sambil(setara), bukan sahaja, tambahan pula(berpasangan) -Kata hubung pancangan: yang(relatif), bahawa. untuk(kompleme), hingga,apabila, sekiranya , setelah(keterangan)
# Kata seru - aduh, aduhai, ah, amboi, cis, eh, oh, wahai, wah
# Kata tanya-bila, berapa
# Kata perintah- jangan, usah(larangan), tolong(permintaan), jemput,sila(silaan), harap, minta(suruhan)
# Kata pembenar - betul, benar, ya
# Kata pangkal ayat - oleh itu, justeru, namun begitu
# Kata bantu - Kata bantu aspek: telah, sedang, akan, belum -Kata bantu ragam: heandak, dapat , mesti, mungkin
# Kata penegas - hadapan: terlalu, paling - belakang: sekali, benar, nian =Bebas- amat, sungguh
# Kata penegas- jua, juga,, hanya, pun, sahaja, lagi, memang -partikel penegas: -kah, -lah -tah
# Kata nafi- bukan, tidak
# Kata pemeri - ialah, adalah
# Kata sendi nama- di, ke, kepada, daripada, umpama, demi, sejak, oleh, hingga, dalam, antara
# Kata arah - sudut, selatan, tengah, samping, luar, sisi, penjuru, segi
# kata bilangan - tentu: dua puluh -tak tentu: sekalian, beberapa -himpunan: riduan, bertahun-tahun -pisahan: masing-masing, setiap - pecahan: suku, sebahagian, setengah -tingkat: pertama, kelapan
7.Pembentukan kata
#pengimbuhan- Awalan: pe-, peN-, peR-, ke-, se- -Awalan pinjaman: juru-, tata-, pra- eka-, maha-, dwi,panca-, sub- pro- auto- inter-, poli- anti- -Akhiran: -an -Akhirab pinjaman: -wan, -isme-, -si -tik, -wati -Apitan:pe...an, pemer...an -Sisipan:-an-, -el-, -er-
# Penggandaan- kata nama: kunang-kunang, mata-mata -kata kerja: pandang-pandang, cerai-berai - Kata adjektif: hijau-hijau, gundah-gulana
# Pemajmukan - Rangkai kata bebas: susu segar, air hujan -Istilah khusus: mata pelajaran, kertas kerja, hak milik -Kiasan(simpulan bahasa)- asam garam, makan hati

Frasa
-Sekurang-kurangnya satu atau dua perkataan
1. Frasa nama- Beliau guru
2. Frasa Kerja
# Frasa kerja tak transitif- Pengganas itu lari ke dalam hutan [pengganas itu= subjek, lari...=predikat]
# Frasa kata transitif- Pemburu itu menembak tupai itu dengan senapang.
3. Frasa Sendi: Adik saya tiggal di sini.
4. Frasa Adjektif: Cuaca itu ini sejuk banyak.

Klausa
1. Klausa subjek- Apa yang terjadi belum lagi diketahui.
2. Klausa predikat- Tiada seorang pun yang mahu menolongnya.
3. Klausa keterangan- Hujan turun dengan lebatnya sehingga seluruh kampung itu kebanjiran.
4. Klausa penerangan- Kagagalan dalam peperiksaan disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahawa dia malas belajar.
Klausa Utama- Kamu mesti belajat( Klausa utama) untuk mencapai kejayaan(klausa pengikutan).

Ayat
1. Ayat inti- Beliau ialah seorang guru.
2. Ayat penegas- Orang itu ialag pencuri
3. Ayat perbandingan- Ali sepandai Eng Soon.
4. Ayat Penggalan- Pergilah kau dari sini
5. Ayat tunggal- Saya makan nasi.
6. Ayat majmuk- dan, atau, lalu, maka, tetapi
7.Ayat songsang- Pelajar perempuan itu menangis -> Menangis pelajar perampuan itu.

Group 1 elements- Alkali metals:
Lithium(Li) Sodium(Na) Potassium(K) Rubidium(Rb) Caesium(Cs) Francium(Fr)
~All alkali metals are silver-colored, soft, low density metals, high electropositivity, good conductors of heat and electricity.
Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
----------Float on wate---------I--------Sink in water------------
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -decreases gradually
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the metallic bonding between the atoms of alkali metals becomes weaker. Hence, less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker metallic bonding during melting or boiling.
Hardness -softer
Reactivity -increases
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the single valence electron becomes futher away from the nucleus. This causes the single valence electron can to be more weakly pulled by the nucleus. Thus, the single valence electron can be release more easily to achieve a stable electron arrangement.
Electropositivity -increases
Reactions of alkali metals with water:
Alkali metal + water → Alkali metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Example:
2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
Reactions of alkali metals with oxygen:
Alkali metal + oxygen → Alkali metal oxide
Example:
4K (s) + O2 (g) → 2KO2H (s)
Reactions of alkali metals with chlorine and bromine:
Alkali metal + chlorine → Alkali metal chloride
Example:
2K (s) +Cl2 (g) → 2KCl (s)
Alkali metal + bromine → Alkali metal bromide
Example:
2K (s) +Br2 (g) → 2KBr (s)

Group 2 elements- Alkali earth metals:
Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) Strontium (Sr) Barium (Ba) Radium (Ra)
The alkaline earth metals are silvery colored, soft, low density metals, which react readily with halogens to form ionic salts, and with water, though not as rapidly as the alkali metals, to form strongly alkaline (basic) hydroxides. For example, where sodium and potassium react with water at room temperature, magnesium reacts only with steam and calcium with hot water:

Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH) 2 + H2

Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent.

All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their outermost shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions.

Group 3 to group 12 elements- Transition metals:
There are several common characteristic properties of transition elements:
They often form colored compounds.
Example:
Compound of transition elements Colour
Cobalt chloride crystal Pink
Copper(II) sulphate crystal Blue
Iron(II) sulphate crystal Pale yellow
Iron(III) sulphate crystal Brown
They can have a variety of different oxidation states.
Example:
Transition metals Oxidation number in compounds
Iron +2, +3
Nickel +2, +3
Copper +1, +2
Manganese +2, +3, +4 , +6, +7
Chromium +2, +3,
At least one of their compounds has an incomplete d-electron subshell.
They are often good catalysts.
Example:
Nickel acts as catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkene to form the corresponding alkane.
Cn H2n+H2--Ni→ Cn H2n+2
They are silvery-blue at room temperature (except copper and gold).
They are solids at room temperature (except mercury).
They form complex ions (aqua ones included).
Example:
Tetraamminecopper(II) ion,[Cu(NH3)4]2+
They are often paramagnetic.

Poor metals
The trivial name poor metals (or post-transition metals) is sometimes applied to the metallic elements in the p-block of the periodic table. Their melting and boiling points are generally lower than those of the transition metals and their electronegativity higher, and they are also softer. They are distinguished from the metalloids, however, by their significantly-greater boiling points in the same row.
"Poor metals" is not a rigorous IUPAC-approved nomenclature, but the grouping is generally taken to include aluminium, gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead and bismuth; germanium, antimony and polonium are occasionally included, although these are usually considered to be metalloids or "semi-metals". Elements 113 to 116, which are currently allocated the systematic names ununtrium, ununquadium, ununpentium and ununhexium, would likely exhibit properties characteristic of poor metals; however as yet insufficient quantities of them have been synthesized to examine their chemical properties.

Nonmetals
The nonmetals are generally to:
Hydrogen (H)
In Group 14: Carbon (C)
In Group 15 (the pnictogens): Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P)
Several elements in Group 16, the chalcogens: Oxygen (O), Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se)
All elements in Group 17 - the halogens
All elements in Group 18 - the noble gases
Common properties considered characteristic of a nonmetal include:
poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals
they form acidic oxides (whereas metals generally form basic oxides)
in solid form, they are dull and brittle, rather than metals which are lustrous, ductile or malleable
usually have lower densities than metals
they have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than metals
non-metals have high electronegativity

Semi-metals- Metalloids
There is no rigorous definition of the term, however the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids:
metalloids often form amphoteric oxides.
metalloids often behave as semiconductors (B,Si,Ge) to semimetals (eg. Sb).
The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused. Metalloid refers to the properties of certain elements in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of materials (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two.
Some allotropes of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element carbon, its diamond allotrope is clearly non-metallic, however the graphite allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. Phosphorus, tin, selenium and bismuth also have allotropes which display borderline behavior.

In the standard layout of the periodic table, metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to astatine. Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase." The poor metals are to the left and down and the nonmetals are to the right and up. In addition, the halogens are found at the bottom right.

Lanthanides and actinides
The chemical properties of the lanthanides (elements 57-71) and the actinides (elements 89-103) are even more similar to each other than the transition metals, and separating a mixture of these can be very difficult. This is important in the chemical purification of uranium concerning nuclear power.

Group 17 elements- Halogens
Fluorine(F) Chlorine(Cl) Bromine(Br) Iodine(I) Astatine(At)
~Halogens exist as diatomic molecules, low density, high electronegativity, good oxidising agents, weak conductors of heat and cannot conduct electricity.
Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -increases gradually
Reason: As the molecular size increases, the force of attraction(van der Waals forces) become stronger. Consequently, more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger of attraction during melting or boiling.
Colour -Pale yellow-----Greenish-yellow-----Reddish-brown------purplish-black
Reactivity -decreases
Reason: As the atomic size increases, the single valence electron becomes futher away from the nucleus. Therefore, the strength of the nucleus of a halogen atom to attract one more electron into the outermost shells to achieve an octet electron arrangement decreases.
Electronegativity -decreases
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electrons in the atom with halogens increases. This cause the outermost occupied shell to become further away from nucleus. Hence, the strength of the nucleus to attract outermost shell electrons becomes weaker.
Reactions of halogens with water:
Example:
Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → HCl(aq) + HOCl (aq)
Chlorine Water Hydrochloric acid Hypochlorous acid
Reactions of halogens with iron:
Example:
2Fe(s) + 3Cl(g) → 2FeCl3 (s)
Iron Chlorine Iron(III) chloride
Reactions of chlorine with sodium hydroxide solution:
Example:
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaCl(aq) + H2O
Chlorine Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride Sodium chlorate Water

Group 18 elements- Noble gases:
Helium(He) Neon(Ne) Argon(Ar) Kryton(Kr) Xenon(Xe) Radon(Rn)
~All noble gases exist as single atom(monoatomic) which with a duplet and octet electron arrangement, colourless gases, insoluble in water, low density, weak conductors of heat and cannot conduct electricity.

Atomic Size -increases gradually
Reason: The number of shells occupied with electron increases.
Density -increases gradually
Reason: The increase in atomic mass is bigger than the increase in volume.
Boiling and melting points -increases gradually
Reason: As the molecular size increases, the force of attraction(van der Waals forces) become stronger. Consequently, more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger of attraction during melting or boiling.

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Kepercayaan kepada tuhan
Keyakinan wujudnya Tuhan sebagai pencipta alam dan mematuhi segala suruhanNya berlandaskan pegangan agama masing-masing selaras dengan prinsip Rukun Negara
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Amanah
Sikap bertanggungjawab yang boleh menimbulkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan orang lain
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Harga diri
Keupayaan dan keyakinan diri agar mampu memulia dan menjaga maruah diri dalam kehidupan
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Bertanggungjawab
Kesanggupan diri seseorang untuk memikul dan melaksanakan tugas serta kewajipan dengan sempurna
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Hemah tinggi
Beradab sopan dan berbudi pekerti mulia dalam pergaulan seharian
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Tolenrasi
Kesanggupan bertolak ansur, sabar dan mengawal diri bagi mengelakkan berlakunya pertelingkahan dan perselisihan faham demi kesejahteraan hidup
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Berdikari
Kebolehan dan kesanggupan melakukan sesuatu tanpa bergantung kepada orang lain
8
Kerajinan
Usaha yang berterusan penuh dangan semangat ketekunan, kecekalan, kegigihan, dedikasi dan berdaya maju dalam melakukan sesuatu perkara
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Kasih sayang
Kepekaan dan perasaan cinta yang mendalam serta berkekalan yang lahir daripada hati yang ikhlas
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Keadilan
Tindakan dan keputusan yang saksama serta tidak berat sebelah
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Rasional
Boleh berfikir berdasarkan alasan dan buktl yang nyata dan dapat mengambil tindakan berasaskan pertimbangan yang wajar
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Kesederhanaan
Bersikap tidak keterlaluan dalam membuat pertimbangan dan tindakan sama ada dalam pemikiran, pertuturan atau perlakuan tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan diri dan orang lain
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Kasih sayang terhadap keluarga
Perasaan cinta, kasih dan sayang yang mendalam dan berkekalan terhadap keluarga
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Hormat dan taat kepada anggota keluarga
Memuliakan setiap anggota keluarga dengan berinteraksi dan menberi layanan secara bersopan untuk mewujudkan keluarga yang harmoni
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Mengekalkan tradisi kekeluargaan
Menerima, menghormati dan mengamaikan sesuatu kebiasaan, adat dan kepercayaan yang diwarisi secara turun temurun dalam keluarga
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Tanggungjawab terhadap keluaga
Kewajipan yang harus dilaksanakan oleh setiap individu terhadap keluarga untuk melahirkan keluarga bahagia, meningkatkan imej dan menjaga maruah keluarga
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Menyayangi dan menghargai alam sekitar
Kesedaran tentang perlunya memelihara dan memulihara alam sekeliling untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem
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Keharmonian antara manusia dengan alam sekitar
Keadaan saling memerlukan hubungan yang harmoni antara manusia dengan alam sekeliling supaya kualiti kehidupan manusia dan alam sekeliling terpelihara
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Kemapanan alam sekitar
Pengekalan keseimbangan alam sekeliling sebagai tanggungjawab bersama untuk kesejahteraan hidup
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Peka terhadap isu-isu alam sekitar
Prihatin terhadap persoalan yang berkaitan dengan alam sekeliling dan berusaha menyelesaikannya
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Cinta akan Negara
Perasaan sayang dan bangga kepada negara serta meletakkan kepentingan negara melebihi kepentingan diri
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Taat dan setia kepada Raja dan Negara
Kepatuhan dan kesetiaan yang berkekalan kepada Raja dan Negara
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Sanggup berkorban untuk negara
Kerelaan melakukan atau menyerahkan sesuatu termasuk nyawa sebagai tanda kebaktian untuk Negara
24
Melindungi hak kanak-kanak
Membela, memberi naungan dan memelihara hak kanak-kanak bagi menjamin kehiudupan mereka yang sempurna
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Menhormati hak wanita
Melindungi dan mengiktirafkan wanita sebagai individu yang boleh memberi sumbangan dalam pembangunan keluarga, masyarakat, dan negara
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Melindungi hak pekerja
Menghormati, menghargai, dan mengiktirafkan perkhidmatan, jasa, dan sumbangan dalam pembangunan negara
27
Menhormati hak golongan kurang berupaya
Memberi layanan secara bersopan kepada golongan kurang berupaya supaya tidak berasa tersisih dan mengiktirafkan mereka sebagai insan ciptaan tuhan
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Melindungi hak pengguna
Membela dan memelihara hak individu untuk menjadi pengguna yang berilmu, mendapat perkhidmatan serta barangan yang berkualiti dan tidak mudah dieksplotasi
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Mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang
Menerima dan mematuhi peraturan dan undang-undang yang telah ditentukan tanpa mengira sesiapa dan di mana seseorang itu berada
30
Kebebasan bersuara
Kebebasan berucap dan mengeluarkan fikiran dengan batasan tertentu bagi menjaga keselamatan dan ketenteraman
31
Kebebasan beragamaan
Kebebasan setiap individu untuk menganut dan memelihara agamanya seperti yang diperuntukan dalam Perlembangan Malaysia
32
Penglibatan diri dalam pembangunan negara
Kebebasan untuk melibatkan diri dalam pelbagai aktiviti pembangunan negara dengan mematuhi peraturan, undang-undangan dan Perlembagaan Malaysia
33
Sikap keterbukaan
Bersedia memberi dan menerima pandangan, pembaharuan dan kritikan selaras dengan kebeneran fakta dan norma masyarakat
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Hidup bersama secara aman
Hidup berbaik-baik antara satu sama lain dengan mengutamakan kedamaian dan keharmonian hidup tanpa mengira agama, bangsa dan budaya
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Saling membantu dan bekerjasama
Usaha yang baik dan membina yang dilakukan bersama pada peringkat individu, komuniti atau negara untuk mencapai sesuatu matlamat
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Saling menghormati antara negara
Menghargai dan memuliakan hubungan antara untuk menjamin kesejahteraan sejagat