How to Write Inspirational Articles for Newsletters
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THE SIMPLE PENDULUM
ITS PERIOD OF OSCILLATION
TO MEASURE G= 9.807 MS-2
AND AS A CLOCK

NAME:

CLASS:

TEACHER:

EXAMINATION CODE:

NRIC NO. :

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Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
 PENDULUM
 HISTORY OF PENDULUM

 MAIN BODY
 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
 GRAPH OF T AGAINST L
 PLOTTING OF TWO DIFFERENT VARIABLES
 COUNTING OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION
 SIMPLE PENDULUM AS A DEVICE
 TO MEASURE TIME

2. FURTHER EXPLORATION

3. CONCLUSION

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Introduction

Pendulum

A pendulum is a mass that is attached to a pivot, from which it can swing freely. This object is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it toward an equilibrium position. When the pendulum is displaced from its place of rest, the restoring force will cause the pendulum to oscillate about the equilibrium position.
A basic example is the simple gravity pendulum or bob pendulum. This is a mass (or bob) on the end of a massless string, which, when initially displaced, will swing back and forth under the influence of gravity over its central (lowest) point.
The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for time keeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.
History of Pendulum
As recorded in the 5th century Chinese Book of Later Han, one of the earliest uses of the pendulum was in the seismometer device of the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD) scientist and inventor Zhang Heng (78-139). Its function was to sway and activate a series of levers after being disturbed by the tremor of an earthquake far away. After this was triggered, a small ball would fall out of the urn-shaped device into a metal toad's mouth below, signifying the cardinal direction of where the earthquake was located (and where government aid and assistance should be swiftly sent). An Egyptian scholar, Ibn Yunus, is known to have described an early pendulum in the 10th century.

Galileo Galilei
Among his scientific studies, Galileo Galilei performed a number of observations of all the properties of pendulums. His interest in the pendulum may have been sparked by looking at the swinging motion of a chandelier in the Pisa cathedral. He began serious studies of the pendulum around 1602. Galileo discovered the key property that makes pendulums useful timekeepers: isochronism, which means that the period of the pendulum is approximately independent of the amplitude (width) of its swing, so that successive swings of the pendulum will take the same amount of time even if the swing is decreasing due to friction. He also found that the period of a pendulum is independent of the mass of its bob, and proportional to the square root of its length. The isochronism of the pendulum suggested a practical application for use as a metronome to aid musical students, and possibly for use in a clock.
Perhaps based upon the ideas of Galileo, in 1656 the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens patented a mechanical clock that employed a pendulum to regulate the movement. This approach proved much more accurate than previous time pieces, such as the hourglass. Following an illness, in 1665 Huygens made a curious observation about pendulum clocks. Two such clocks had been placed on his fireplace mantel, and he noted that they had acquired an opposing motion. That is, they were beating in unison but in the opposite direction—an anti-phase motion. Regardless of how the two clocks were adjusted, he found that they would eventually return to this state, thus making the first recorded observation of a coupled oscillator.
During his Académie des Sciences expedition to Cayenne, French Guiana in 1671, Jean Richer demonstrated that the periodicity of a pendulum was slower at Cayenne than at Paris. From this he deduced that the force of gravity was lower at Cayenne. Huygens reasoned that the centripetal force of the Earth's rotation modified the weight of the pendulum bob based on the latitude of the observer.
In his 1673 work Horologium Oscillatorium sive de motu pendulorum, Christiaan Huygens published his theory of the pendulum. He demonstrated that for an object to descend a curve under gravity in the same time interval, regardless of the starting point, it must follow a cycloid curve, rather than the circular arc that a pendulum follows. This confirmed the earlier observation by Marin Mersenne that the period of a pendulum does vary with amplitude, and that Galileo's observation of isochronism was accurate only for small swings in the neighborhood of the center line.
The English scientist Robert Hooke devised the conical pendulum, consisting of a pendulum that is free to swing in both directions. By analyzing the circular movements of the pendulum bob, he used it to analyze the orbital motions of the planets. Hooke would suggest to Isaac Newton in 1679 that the components of orbital motion consisted of inertial motion along a tangent direction plus an attractive motion in the radial direction. Isaac Newton was able to translate this idea into a mathematical form that described the movements of the planets with a central force that obeyed an inverse square law—Newton's law of universal gravitation. Robert Hooke was also responsible for suggesting (as early as 1666) that the pendulum could be used to measure the force of gravity.
In 1851, Jean-Bernard-Leon Foucault suspended a pendulum (later named the Foucault pendulum) from the dome of the Panthéon in Paris. It was the third Foucault pendulum he constructed, the first one was constructed in his basement and the second one was a demonstration model with a length of 11 meters. The mass of the pendulum in Pantheon was 28 kg and the length of the arm was 67 m. The Foucault pendulum was a worldwide sensation: it was the first demonstration of the Earth's rotation with a purely indoors experiment. Once the Paris pendulum was set in motion the plane of motion was observed to precess about 270° clockwise per day. A pendulum located at either of the poles will precess 360° per day relative to the ground it is suspended above. There is a mathematical relation between the latitude where a Foucault pendulum is deployed and its rate of precession; the period of the precession is inversely proportional to the sine of the latitude.
For 270 years, from their invention until quartz crystal oscillators superseded them in the 1920s, pendulums were the world's most accurate timekeeping technology. The most accurate pendulum clocks, called astronomical regulators, were installed in astronomical observatories, and served as standards to set all other clocks. The National Institute of Standards and Technology based the U.S. national time standard on the Riefler clock made by the German firm Clemens Riefler, from 1904 until 1929. This pendulum clock maintained an accuracy of a few hundredths of a second per day. It was briefly replaced by the double-pendulum W. H. Shortt clock, before the NIST switched to quartz clocks in the 1930s.

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Procedure

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Conclusion

My data showed the period of my simple pendulum to be independent of mass, which is consistent with the uncertainty of the measurements made with the stopwatch.

Time is measured to the nearest 0.01s but I might expect the vagueness of the measurements to be slightly larger than that since the stopwatch itself is somewhat inadequate and there is some small variation in the reaction time of the experimenter which is me.

My value of G was within 5.935% of the theoretical value, but again the range of the experimental values obtained for G does not quite take account of the expected experimental value. These differences are small and can probably be explained by some of the small errors listed above, which were not necessarily accounted for in the uncertainty calculations. Hence my result seem to be in agreement with existing theory, but in order to determine this for certain, I would need to do further investigation, attempting to control some of these variables.





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Proverb
Explanation / Meaning

A
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. When you are away from someone you love, you love them even more.
Accidents will happen. Some unfortunate events must be accepted as inevitable.
Actions speak louder than words. What a person actually does is more important that what they say they will do.
Advice is cheap.
Advice is least heeded when most needed. When a problem is serious, people often do not follow the advice given.
Advisers run no risks.
All cats are grey in the dark. People are undistinguished until they have made a name.
All that glitters is not gold. Appearances can be deceptive.
All days are short to Industry and long to Idleness. Time goes by slowly when you have nothing to do.
All is fair in love and war Things that are done in love or war can often be excused.
All's well that ends well There is a solution to everything even though there are doubts.
All things grow with time - except grief. As time goes by, grief subsides little by little.
All things are difficult before they are easy.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Everybody needs a certain amount of relaxation. It is not good to work all
the time.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.* Eating an apple every day can help to keep you healthy.
Other interpretation : A small preventive treatment wards off serious problems.
An empty purse frightens away friends. When one's financial situation deteriorates, friends tend to disappear.

An Englishman's home is his castle. An Englishman's home is a place where he feels safe, enjoys privacy
and can do as he wishes.
An idle brain is the devil's workshop. When you work you avoid temptation.
An onion a day keeps everyone away.*
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or
cure the disease later.
April showers bring May flowers.

A bad tree does not yield good apples.
A bad workman blames his tools. Blaming the tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for lack of skill.
A bird in hand is worth two in a bush. It's better to keep what you have than to risk losing it by searching for something better.
A broken friendship may be soldered but will never be
sound. Friendships can be rebuilt after a dispute but will never be as strong as before.
A burden of one's own choice is not felt. Something difficult seems easier when it is done voluntarily.
A burnt child dreads the fire. A bad experience will make people stay away from certain things.
A cat has nine lives. 1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on their feet without injury.
2) Three lives = 3 years to play, 3 years to stray, 3 years to stay.
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. The strength of a group depends on each individual member.
A change is as good as a rest.
A dry March, a wet April and a cool May
fill barn and cellar and bring much hay.
A fault confessed is half redressed. Confession is the beginning of forgiveness.
A fool and his money are soon (easily) parted. A foolish person usually spends money carelessly.
A friend in need is a friend indeed. Someone who helps you when you are in trouble.
A friend to all is a friend to none. Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them feel special.
A good beginning makes a good end. If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it will be done well.

A good conscience is a soft pillow. You sleep well when you have nothing to feel guilty about.
A guilty conscience needs no accuser.
A leopard cannot change its spots. It is not possible for a bad or unpleasant person to become good or pleasant.
A loaded wagon makes no noise. Really wealthy don't talk about money.
A loveless life is a living death.
A man can die but once.
A man is as old as he feels himself to be.

A man is known by the company he keeps. A person's character is judged by the type of people with whom they spend
their time.
A rising tide lifts all boats. Describes something that will be helpful to all.
A rolling stone gathers no moss. If a person keeps moving from place to place, they gain neither friends nor
possessions.
Another interpretation is that, by moving often, one avoids being tied down!
A rotten apple spoils the barrel. A dishonest or immoral person can have a bad influence on a group.
A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner. Overcoming adversity leads to competence.
A stitch in time saves nine. It's better to deal with a problem at an early stage, to prevent it from getting
worse.
A stumble may prevent a fall. Correcting a small mistake may help you to avoid making a bigger one.
A swallow does not make the summer. One good event does not mean that everything is alright.
A tree is known by its fruit. A man is judged by his actions.
A young idler, an old beggar. If you don't work, you won't have any money when you're old.
After dinner rest a while, after supper walk a mile.

B Bad news travels fast. People tend to circulate bad news (accidents, illness etc.) very quickly.

Beauty is only skin deep. A person's character is more important than their appearance.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Different people have different tastes.

Beauty is the wisdom of women. Wisdom is the
beauty of men.

Be swift to hear, slow to speak. Listen carefully before speaking.

Better be alone than in bad company. Be careful in the choice of the people you associate with.

Better flatter a fool than fight him. It's better to avoid disputes with stupid people.

Better the devil you know than the devil you don't
know It's better to deal with somebody difficult but familiar, than change and risk dealing
with somebody worse.

Better late than never. It's better to do something, even if it's late, than not do it at all.

Better lose the saddle than the horse. It's better to stop and accept a small loss, rather than continue and risk losing
everything.

Better untaught than ill-taught It's better not to be taught at all than to be taught badly.
Birds of a feather flock together. People of the same sort are usually found together.

Blood is thicker than water Family relationships are stronger than relationships with other people.
Blood will out. A person's background or education will eventually show.

C Charity begins at home. A person's first duty is to help and care for his own family.
Children and fools tell the truth.
Cleanliness is next to godliness. A clean body is just as important as a pure soul.
Clear moon, frost soon. If the atmosphere is clear, frost may form.
Clothes don't make the man. Appearances can be deceiving.
Constant occupation prevents temptation. When you work you avoid temptation.

D
Dead men tell no tales A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be preferable to conceal.
Diamond cuts diamond. Refers to two people equally matched in wit or cunning.
Diligence is the mother of good fortune. Hard work brings rewards.
Discretion is the better part of valour It is useless to take unnecessary risks.
Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than
those of the body.

Distance makes the heart grow fonder. When you are separated from the person you love, your feelings are even stronger.
Dogs of the same street bark alike. People from the same background have the same behaviour.

Don't bark if you can't bite. Don't complain if you can't enforce your point of view.
Don't count your chickens before they're hatched. You must not be too confident that something will be successful.
Don't dig your grave with your own knife and fork. Don't do something yourself which causes your own downfall.
Don't judge a book by its cover. Don't judge by appearances.

E
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy,
wealthy and wise.
Easier said than done. What is suggested sounds easy but it is more difficult to actually do it.
Empty vessels make the most noise. The least intelligent people are often the most talkative or noisy.
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
Every path has its puddle. Progress is rarely without difficulty.
Every why has a wherefore. There is an explanation for everything.
Everything in the garden is rosy. Everything is satisfactory.
Experience is the father of wisdom. Experience and knowledge result in better judgement.


F Facts speak louder than words. People show what they are really like by what they do, rather than by what
they say.

Failure teaches success.
False friends are worse than open enemies.
Familiarity breeds contempt Knowing somebody very well may lead to a lack of respect for them.
Fool me once, shame on you;
fool me twice, shame on me. One should learn from one's mistakes.
Fools rush in where angels fear to tread Inexperienced people act in situations that more intelligent people would avoid
Friendship is love with understanding.

G Give someone an inch and they will take a mile. Give someone a little and they will want more - some people are never satisfied.
Give someone enough rope and they will hang
themselves. Give someone enough time and freedom and they will get into trouble.
God helps those who help themselves.

Good and quickly seldom meet. A well-done job takes time.
Good management is better than good income.
Great minds think alike.

Great oaks grow from little acorns. Large successful operations can begin in a small way.
Grief divided is made lighter

H Half a loaf is better than none. You should be grateful for something, even if it's not as much as you wanted.
Haste makes waste. If something is done too quickly, it may be done carelessly and need to be redone.
Hatred is a blind as love. A person who feels hatred does not see any qualities in the person he/she hates.
He has enough who is content.
He who knows nothing, doubts nothing. Knowledge leads us to make choices.
He who pays the piper calls the tune. The person who provides the money for something should control how it is spent
He who plays with fire gets burnt. If you behave in a risky way, you are likely to have problems.

He laughs best who laughs last. Don't express your joy, or your triumph, too soon!
Health is better than wealth.

Home is where the heart is. You call home the place where the people you love are.
Honesty is the best policy.
Honey catches more flies than vinegar. You can obtain more cooperation from others by being nice.

I
In times of prosperity friends are plentiful. You have many friends when you have no difficulties.
If a camel gets his nose in a tent, his body will
follow. If you let something intrusive enter your life, your life will become difficult .

If in February there be no rain, 'tis neither good
for hay nor grain.
If you are patient in one moment of anger,
you will avoid 100 days of sorrow.
If you chase two rabbits, you will not catch either
one. If you try to do two things at the same time, you won't succeed in doing either of them.
If you want a friend, be a friend.
Ignorance is bliss. Possible interpretation: What you do not know causes no worry or sadness.
In for a penny, in for a pound. If you start something, it's better to spend the time or money necessary to complete it.
In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
It never rains but it pours. Misfortunes usually come in large numbers.
It is always darkest before the dawn The most difficult time is just before a problem is solved.
It's no use crying over spilt milk. Don't express regret for something that has happened and cannot be remedied.
It takes all sorts to make a world. People vary in character and abilities, and this is a good thing.

K Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age.

Knowledge is power.
Kill the goose that lays the golden egg. Destroy something that would be a source of wealth or success.
Kindness begets kindness. If you are kind to people, they will be kind to you.


L
Learn to walk before you run. Don't rush into doing something until you know how to do it.
Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner
everywhere. Education is something you keep forever.
Let bygones be bygones. Let's forgive and forget past quarrels.
Liars need good memories.
Lightning never strikes in the same place twice An unusual event is not likely to occur again in exactly the same circumstances.
Like father, like son. A son's character can be expected to resemble his father's.
Look before you leap. Consider possible consequences before taking action.
Loose lips sink ships. Disclosing important information ( to the enemy or a competitor) could result in large
losses.
Love is blind. A person in love does not see the faults of the person he/she loves.

M
Make a silk purse out of a sow's ear Manage to produce something good using poor material.
Man is the head of the family;
woman is the neck that turns the head.
Man proposes, God disposes. Our destiny depends on God's will.
Manners make the man. Possibly: a person's manners show their origins.
Many hands make light work. Sharing work makes work easier.
Marry in haste, repent at leisure. If you get married too quickly, you may spend all your life regretting it.

Memory is the treasure of the mind.
Men make houses, women make homes.

Might as well be hanged for a sheep as (for) a lamb If the penalty is going to be the same, you might as well commit the greater offence.
Money begets money. If you have money you can make more money.
Money is the root of all evil. Money is the main cause of wrongdoing and problems.

N
Necessity is the mother of invention. The need for something forces people to find a way of obtaining it.
Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today Don't postpone something you can do now.
Never say die. Never give up.
Nobody is perfect.
No man is an island. We all need other people.
No news is good news. If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have heard nothing,
we can assume that all is well.
Nothing ventured, nothing gained. You cannot expect to achieve anything if you don't take risks.

O Once bitten, twice shy. After an unpleasant experience, people are careful to avoid something similar.
One good turn deserves another. You should be helpful to someone who helps you.
One of these days is none of these days. 'One of these days' remains vague.
One today is worth two tomorrow. What you have today is better than what is promised or hoped for.

One man's meat is another man's poison People don't always like the same things.
Only real friends will tell you when your face is
dirty. Only a real friend will tell you the truth.
Opportunity seldom knocks twice. Don't miss opportunities that come along.
Out of sight, out of mind. We tend to forget people who are absent.


P Penny wise, pound foolish. Refers to a person who is careful about spending small amounts of money, but
not careful about spending large amounts of money.
People who live in glass houses should not throw
stones. One should not criticize others for faults similar to one's own.
Practice makes perfect. Doing something repeatedly is the only way to become good at it.

Practise what you preach Do yourself what you advise others to do.
Prevention is better than cure It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or cure the
disease later.

Pride comes before a fall. Don't be too self-confident or proud; something may happen to make you look foolish.
Procrastination is the thief of time Delaying an action for too long is a waste of time.
Put all your eggs in one basket Risk everything by relying on one plan (by putting all one's money in one business).

R Revenge is sweet. There is satisfaction in returning an injury.
Rome was not built in a day. It takes a long time to do a job properly. You should not expect to do it quickly.

S
Save me from my friends. Friends can be more dangerous than enemies.

Saying is one thing, doing is another. People don't always do what they announce.

Short reckonings make long friends. Debts paid quickly encourage friendship.
Sickness in the body brings sadness to the mind.

Snug as a bug in a rug. Feeling very comfortable.
Spare the rod and spoil the child If you don't punish a child when he does wrong, you will spoil his character.
Sticks and stones will break my bones but names
will never hurt me Physical attacks may harm me, but cruel words will not.

Still waters run deep. A quiet person can have much knowledge or wisdom.
A stitch in time saves nine It's better to deal with a problem in its early stages, because if you don't, it will get
worse.
Stolen fruit is the sweetest. What is forbidden is the most tempting.

T Tall oaks grow from little acorns. Great things may come from small beginnings.

The apple doesn't fall far from the tree. Children resemble their parents.
The best advice is found on the pillow. After a good night's sleep we may find an answer to our problem.

The devil looks after his own. Success comes to those who deserve it least .

The devil makes work for idle hands People who have no work, or are idle, often get into or make trouble.
The die is cast. A decision has been made and it's impossible to change it.
The early bird catches the worm. If you want to do something successfully, you should do it as soon as you can.
The end justifies the means. Wrong or unfair methods may be used if the result of the action is good.
The more haste, the less speed. A person makes more progress if they do things less quickly.
The more you have, the more you want.

The pen is mightier than the sword Words and communication have greater effect than war and fighting.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The real value of something can be judged only after it has been tried or tested.
The road to hell is paved with good intentions. It's not enough to intend to do something, you must actually do it.
The tongue wounds more than a lance. Insults can be more hurtful than physical injuries.
The truth is in the wine. People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol.
The wish is father to the thought. You think that something is true because you want it to be so.

There is no fool like an old fool. A older person is expected to behave more sensibly.
There is safety in numbers Being in a crowd makes you feel more confident.
Time and tide wait for no man. No one can delay the passing of time.
Time has wings. Time goes by quickly.

Time is money. Time is valuable and should not be wasted.
To err is human, to forgive divine It is human nature to make mistakes, therefore one should forgive.
Too many cooks spoil the broth. If too many people are involved in something, it will not be done properly.

Trust not a horse's heel nor a dog's tooth.
Truth is stranger than fiction. Events in real life are sometimes stranger than in fiction.
Two wrongs don't make a right It is wrong to harm someone because they have harmed you.

U
Union is strength.

V
Variety is the spice of life. Doing a lot of different things makes life more interesting.

Virtue is its own reward. You should not expect praise for acting in a correct or moral way.

W Walls have ears. Be careful. People could be listening.
Waste not, want not. If you never waste anything, you will have it when you need it.
What the eye doesn't see, the heart doesn't grieve
over. If a person doesn't know about something, it cannot hurt them.
What a man says drunk, he thinks sober. People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol.

What soberness conceals, drunkenness reveals. People are less discreet under the influence of alcohol.
When the cat's away, the mice play. People misbehave when their boss, or the person in authority, is absent.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do. You should adopt the customs of the people or country you are visiting,
and behave in the same way.
When poverty come in the door, love goes out the
window.
Where there's life there's hope.

Where there's a will, there's a way. A person with determination will find a way of doing something.
Who makes himself a sheep will be eaten by the wolves. Possible interpretation: an easily influenced person can be mislead.
Wisdom is better than strength.
Wonders will never cease! Expresses surprise at an unexpected pleasure or event (ironic).

Y
You are what you eat.
You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours. You help me and I'll help you.

步法、步態 Gait

amble
漫步

barrel
走得很快

bounce
跰跰跳跳的前進

bustle
奔忙

canter
慢跑(尤其是指馬)

caper
高興地跳躍前進

clamber
攀登

clomp
重踏著走

clump
碰碰響地前進

crawl
爬行

curvet
跳躍(尤其指馬)

dander
閒逛﹔漫步﹔溜達

dart
急衝

dash
衝撞﹔突進

dogtrot
小跑步，慢跑步

drift
漂流

flash
衝撞

flit
飛躍﹔掠過

flitter
輕快地移動﹔翩翩而飛

flow
滑動﹔流動

flutter
輕快地移動

fly
快速移動

footslog
在泥濘中費力地行進

frogmarch
把人的雙手扳在背後強迫其往前走

gallop
疾奔﹔飛跑(尤其指馬)

glide
滑走

goose-step
以正步行進

hobble
蹣跚而行﹔跛行

hop
跳躍﹔跳過

hurdle
跳過，越過（障礙）

hurry
匆促離開

hurtle
突進

inch
慢慢一點一點地移動

jog
慢跑

jounce
顛簸

jump
跳躍

leap
跳躍

limp
跛行

lope
大步慢跑

lumber
笨拙地移動

march
行進

maunder
沒精打采地走

mince
裝模作樣地走

mosey
漫步﹔徘回﹔急速離去

pace
踱步走

pad
輕聲地走或是跑步

patter
輕快地行進

plod
沉重緩慢地行走

prance
跳躍﹔昂首闊步

prowl
潛行﹔徘回

ramble
漫步，漫遊﹔徘回

reel
失去平衡地走

run
跑，快速移動

sashay
滑動(行)﹔裝模作樣地走

saunter
閒逛﹔漫步﹔溜達

scamper
疾走﹔奔跑﹔匆促地走﹔驚奔﹔跑來跑去

scrabble
掙扎　

scramble
很快地爬，攀登

scuff
拖著腳走

scuffle
拖腳而走

scurry
急匆匆地跑﹔急走

scuttle
急速奔跑﹔倉皇逃離(危險)

shamble
琅蹌而行﹔蹣跚而行

shuffle
拖著腳走

skelter
疾行﹔急匆匆地跑

skip
跳躍地往前進

skitter
飛掠而過﹔滑行

slide
悄悄移動﹔輕輕地滑過

slither
滑行﹔滑動

slog
掙扎地行走

slosh
在水或是泥裡跳動或是行走

spring
跳躍地前進

sprint
用全速跑

stagger
蹣跚、搖晃而行

stamp
踐踏

step
踏步(前進)

step lively
輕步(跳躍地)前進

stomp
踱步(前進)

straddle
跨開雙腿地走

stride
跨步﹔(很有精神地)大踏步行走

stroll
漫步﹔閒逛﹔溜達

strut
昂首闊步地走﹔神氣十足地走

stumble
搖晃而行﹔絆倒

stump
笨重地行走

swagger
高傲地昂首闊步地走

tiptoe
墊著腳間走

toddle
以短而不穩的腳步走

totter
蹣跚、搖擺而行

tramp
踏步行進

trample
踐踏(特別是用腳去踩碎東西)

tread
踐踏(輪胎的胎面也叫tread)

trip
絆倒，跌倒

tromp
用沉重的腳步踏步行進﹔踐踏

trot
小跑﹔快步走﹔急匆匆地走

trudge
吃力地走

waddle
以短而慢的步伐走路(像鴨子走路一樣)

wade
涉水或泥而走﹔費力前進

walk
行走﹔散步

waltz
以輕巧地步伐走

wamble
搖動身子蹣跚而行

whisk
快速輕盈地移動

wobble
搖晃地前進

zip
飛快地移動﹔尖嘯而過

zoom
快速地移動，特別是有嗡嗡聲或是呼呼聲(呼嘯地快速移動)







　 　
心境與意圖 Mood and Intent

accelerate
加速，加快

ambulate
走動﹔巡走﹔移動﹔步行

balk
停止﹔猶豫﹔停止﹔(打球)做假動作

barge
緩慢地移動﹔蹣跚前進﹔亂衝(通常是撞到東西)

bestride
跨坐﹔跨站﹔跨過

blunder
跌跌撞撞﹔偶然遇見

bob
上下(急速)擺動﹔輕敲(叩)

bop
快速地移動﹔好像隨著音樂的節拍雙腳滑行地前進

brush
擦過﹔拂﹔急速移動

buck
向空中彈跳﹔

budge
(稍許地)移動﹔開始移動

caper
跳躍﹔雀躍

careen
傾側

career
飛奔﹔疾馳

catapult
使彈跳出﹔投擲﹔發射

cavort
蹦跳﹔騰躍

charge
攻擊﹔高速尾隨(bear down on)

chase
追逐(趕)﹔匆忙地走

chug
嘎嘎而行

clip
迅速移動

coast
滑動﹔輕鬆漫遊

convoy
護送﹔護航

course
跑﹔迅速地延著特定的路徑行進﹔迅速超過(穿過)

cover ground
快速越過

cower
畏縮﹔退縮

creak along
移動時吱吱嘎嘎地作響

creep
爬行﹔躡手躡腳地走

cringe
畏縮﹔抖縮﹔卑恭﹔諂媚

crouch
蹲伏﹔彎身﹔低頭﹔畏縮

crowd
擠

cruise
航行﹔巡行﹔徘回於

crumple
瓦解﹔崩潰

dally
滯留﹔逗留﹔戲弄﹔嬉戲﹔閒蕩

dance
跳舞﹔跳躍

dawdle
浪費時間﹔閒蕩﹔怠惰﹔遊手好閒﹔虛擲光陰

decelerate
減速﹔減緩

dillydally
拖拖拉拉﹔磨磨蹭蹭﹔三心兩意地浪費時間

dither
發抖﹔慌亂﹔猶豫不決﹔高頻震動

dive
跳水﹔一頭投入

dodder
蹣跚而行﹔搖搖晃晃

dodge
閃身躲開﹔躲避﹔巧妙地迴避

drag
拉﹔拖﹔拖曳而行

drift
漂流﹔漫無目標地前進

duck
急速低頭或彎身(躲避)﹔投入水中

ease
放鬆﹔減輕﹔在一點點的阻力下前進

elope 私奔；逃跑
elude
躲避﹔逃脫﹔困惑

escape
逃跑，逃脫﹔成功地避免

escort
護送﹔護航

evade
逃避﹔躲避﹔規避

falter
蹣跚而行﹔動搖﹔膽怯﹔支吾地說出

fiddle about
鬼混﹔虛度光陰

fidget
煩躁不安﹔坐立不安

flail
隨意地揮動

flap
拍動﹔飄動﹔有氣無力地搖動

flee
避開﹔逃避

flick
輕輕地彈

flip
輕輕地彈

float
漂浮

flock
聚集成一堆

flounce
急轉；

flounder
掙扎﹔因糊塗而犯錯

flump
砰然落下

flurry
慌慌張張或是很興奮地前進

frisk
快樂的又蹦又跳

frolic
嬉戲

gad
遊蕩

gallivant
遊蕩﹔閒逛

gambol
蹦蹦跳跳；嬉戲

glissade
滑步 (glide: 雙腳滑走)

grovel
趴在地上；卑躬屈節；沉溺

gush
湧出；噴出；過度熱情；情緒過度地表露

halt
停步；跛行；躊躇

hasten
趕快；加速；催促；急行

herd
聚集；群集

hie
催促；急忙；疾走

hike
徒步旅行；遠足；使勁移動；猛拉；提高；急速增加

hover
翱翔；盤旋；徘回；躊躇；搖擺不定

hulk
笨重的移動

hunch
推開；擠開；預感(口語)

hustle
亂擠；推開；趕忙；驅趕；強迫；兜售(口語)；騙錢(口語)

idle
遊手好閒；不做事；虛度

intrude
闖入；侵入；打擾；硬塞入

jaunt
遠足；徒步旅行

jet
噴出；迅速地移動；搭乘

jostle
推；擠；貼近

journey
旅行；旅遊

knife
切割；劃過；動手術(口語)

leapfrog
跳躍前進；跳過；避免；避開

linger
躊躇；徘回；纏綿；留戀

loaf
遊手好閒；虛度光陰

loiter
徘回；閒蕩；消遙

loll
懒洋洋地靠在...；低垂；伸出

lollop
懶散地走；搖晃地走

lounge
閒逛；懒洋洋地靠著；懶散地混日子

lunge
刺；突進；擊

lurk
藏匿；埋伏；潛行；潛伏

make way
開路；讓路

maneuver
演習；用計策

maunder
無精打采地走；胡言亂語；嘮叨地講 = nag

meander
漫步；閒扯

mooch
蹣跚地走；彷徨(口語)；揩油(口語) ；乞討(口語)

moonwalk
如月球漫步般走路

muddle through


nip up
跳起；

obtrude
闖入；莽撞；多管閒事

paddle
划槳前進

parade
遊行

patrol
巡邏；巡查

piddle
閒蕩；混日子；浪費時間；做事懶散；挑食

plane
滑行；搭乘飛機

play
輕輕鬆鬆，快快樂樂的行進

plow
耕，犁田 ；

plug away
不停的工作；拼命的工作

poke along
漫無目標地緩緩行進

post
快速行進

potter
閒逛；閒蕩；慢條斯理的做事

promenade
悠閒地散步；漫步

prowl
徘回；為了偷竊或是覓食而潛行

pursue
追捕；尋求；糾纏；跟隨；繼續下去

pussyfoot
小心翼翼地走；觀望；抱著騎牆態度

putter
漫步；閒蕩；無精打采地工作

quicken one’s step
加快腳步；加速

quickstep
齊步走

ramp
橫衝直撞

rampage
橫衝直撞

range
排列

rip
撕開；割開

ripple
飄動；起伏

roam
漫遊；閒逛

rock
搖動；振動

romp
嬉戲

rove
流浪；漂泊

rumble
發出隆隆聲音前進

rush
衝；急進；匆促進行；催促

rush headlong


sail
航行

scoot
疾走；飛奔；猛衝

seep
滲出；滲透；漸漸消失

settle


shadow
覆蓋；變陰暗；尾隨

shilly-shally
猶豫不決；浪費時間；閒蕩；閒混

shimmy
振動；顫動

shoot


shoulder
用肩膀衝擠

shunt
錯開

skate
滑行

ski
在雪上滑行

skid
快跑；疾行；打滑；測滑

skim
飛速掠過

skulk
躲避；藏匿；潛逃；偷懶

sled
做雪橇往前行

slink
潛行(逃)；溜走；鬼鬼祟祟地走

slouch
懶散地走；頭垂下來

slump
倒下；彎垂；陷入；暴跌

snake
蜿蜒而行；曲折前進

sneak
潛行；偷偷地走

souse
投入水中；浸泡在水裡；使溼透

speed
迅速前進；疾走

splash
潑；濺；涉水；濺潑著前進

sprawl
仰卧；伸開手腳；趴著；蔓延；不規則地散開

spurt
噴出；湧出；迸出；衝刺

squirm
蠕動；扭動

stalk
大步地走；搜索

stampede
驚逃；奔竄

steal
偷偷地行動

stir
攪拌；移動

straggle
迷途；走失；落後；散開

streak
飛奔；快跑

stream
流出

surge
波浪洶湧；起伏；翻滾

swarm
蜂擁；擁擠；擠滿

swim
游水；漂浮

swoop
飛撲

swoosh
迅速移動

tarry
滯留；停留

tear
扯開；撕裂

tool


toss
投

tour
旅遊；旅行

track
跟蹤；遵行；旅行

trail
拖；拉；追獵；蔓延；逐漸消失

traipse
漫無目的地俳回；散步

trek
長途跋涉

trespass
侵入；逾越；侵害；打擾；干擾

trickle
慢慢地移動；滴；淌；細流

troop
成群結隊地走；結夥；集體行進

trundle
(沉重地，艱難地)移動；滾動；轉動；慢步走

twinkle
快速移動；閃爍；

twitch
抽筋；抽動；扯；猛拉；扭動

undulate
起伏；波動；

upspring
向上跳躍；發展；發達

usher
招待；引導；引進；護送；宣傳

vamp
即席伴奏；修理

visit
訪問；參觀；巡視

voyage
航行；旅行

waft
浮動；飄蕩

wag
搖擺；蹣跚地走

wallow
在泥水中打滾；沉迷；耽溺於

wash


welter
打滾；(浪)翻滾；掙扎

wheel
使轉方向

whiz
使飛速轉動

whoosh
飛快地移動

wiggle
移動；搖動；迅速擺動

wince
畏縮；退避

wing
飛過

worm
爬行；蠕動

wrench
猛扭；扭轉

wrestle
摔跤；角力；奮鬥；拼命

wriggle
扭動

writhe
使纏繞；扭曲；轉動；苦惱；掙扎；極端痛苦

http://www.geocities.com/tommy0911/london/elesson.2.htm

　　 Time flies. 光阴似箭.
　　 Time is life. 时间就是生命.
　　 Times change. 时代在改变.
　　 Time is money. 时间就是金钱.
　　 Life is sweet. 人生是美好的.
　　 Love is blind. 爱情是盲目的.
　　 Extremes meet. 两极相通，有无相生。
　　 Like knows like 人识其类。
　　 Let well alone. 不要画蛇添足. /事已成功,不必多弄.
　　 Marry thy like. 结婚须找同类人.
　　 One man,no man. 个人是渺小的.
　　 Hsitory is bunk. 历史是一堆废话。
　　 Time marches on. 岁月如流
　　 Murder will out. 恶行终会败露。
　　 Never say "die'. 永远不要说" 完了".
　　 Care is no cure. 忧虑治不了病。
　　 Beware beginning. 慎始为上。
　　 Deeds, not words. 行动胜于空谈.
　　 No mill, no meal. 不磨面,没饭吃.
　　 Like begets like. 龙生龙，凤生凤。
　　 Love begets love. 爱爱相生.
　　 In doing we learn. 我们在干中学习.
　　 No cross,no crown. 未经苦难,得不到荣冠.
　　 Care killed a cat. 忧虑能杀人。
　　 Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.
　　 No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.
　　 The truth will out. 真相总会大白.
　　 Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.
　　 To think is to see. 思考就是明白.
　　 Truth will prevail. 真理必胜
　　 A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。
　　 Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.
　　 In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.
　　 Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.
　　 Every little helps. 点滴都有用.
　　 Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。
　　 Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.
　　 Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。
　　 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.
　　 Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.
　　 Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.
　　 Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.
　　 Fair play's a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.
　　 Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.
　　 Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.
　　 What's lost is lost. 失者不可复得。
　　 Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.
　　 Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.
　　 No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。
　　 Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.
　　 Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.
　　 Manners make the man. 举止见人品。
　　 Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.
　　 Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.
　　 Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。
　　 Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.
　　 Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.
　　 Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.
　　 Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.
　　 Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.
　　 Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.
　　 Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。
　　 Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.
　　 As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.
　　 Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。
　　 Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.
　　 "Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。
　　 After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。
　　 Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.
　　 Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.
　　 Time cures all things. 时间是最好的医生. /时间能医愈一切创痛.
　　 Truth needs no colour. 真理不需要打扮.
　　 Silence gives consent. 沉默就是赞成。
　　 Still waters run deep. 静水流深。
　　 Study,study,and study. 学习,学习,再学习.
　　 Virtue never grows old. 美德不会衰老.
　　 No sweet without sweat. 幸福来自汗水.
　　 No herb will cure love. 相思病无药医.
　　 A true jest is no jest. 真正的笑语决非笑话。
　　 A man can die but once. 人无二死.
　　 A bargain is a bargain. 成约不能翻悔。
　　 All men can't be first. 不可能人人得冠军。
　　 All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马.
　　 Every flow has its ebb. 潮有涨落日,人有盛衰时.
　　 History repeats itself. 历史往往重演。
　　 I think,therefore I am. 我思考，所以我存在。
　　 Let bygones be bygones. 既往宜不咎。
　　 Like author, like book. 书如其人。
　　 Pardon all but thyself. 宽恕一切人，只是别宽恕自己。
　　 Pride goes before fall. 骄者必败。
　　 Knowledge is no burden. 知识再多不压身.
　　 Civility costs nothing. 礼貌不费分文.
　　 Charity begins at home. 仁爱先施于亲友.
　　 Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好.
　　 Better leave than lack. 有余胜过不足.
　　 Cheapest is the dearest. 最便宜的也就是最贵的.
　　 Custom is second nature. 习惯是第二天性。/ 习惯成自然。
　　 In valour there is hope. 希望在于勇敢.
　　 Reason rules all things. 理智统治一切.
　　 Learn young, learn fair. 学习趁年少,而且要学好
　　 Idleness rusts the mind. 懒散使头脑衰退.
　　 Health and money go far. 有了健康和钱财，就能走遍天下。
　　 Hope well and have well. 善寄希望于未来,又善保有现在.
　　 Hope is a lover's staff. 希望是爱者的手扶之杖.
　　 Every Jack has his Jill. 人均有其偶.
　　 If the cap fits,wear it. 帽子合适，你就戴上；如说的符合你的情况，你就接受。
　　 Failure teaches success. 失败乃成功之母.
　　 First think, then speak. 熟思而后言.
　　 Forewarned is forearmed. 凡事预则立。
　　 Barking dogs don't bite. 吠犬不咬人。
　　 Beauty is but skin-deep. 美只是外表, /不能以貌取人.
　　 Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。
　　 Good wine needs no bush. 酒好无需挂幌子。
　　 Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。
　　 All his geese are swans. 自己的鹅都是天鹅。
　　 A poet is born,not made. 诗人K天成。
　　 A snow year,a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。
　　 No man is indispensable. 没有一个人是不可缺少的。/少了谁地球也转。
　　 Never hope for too much. 不要期望太多.
　　 Tomorrow is another day. 明天又是一个新的开始.
　　 Time is life for doctors. 对医生来说,时间就是生命.
　　 Time is the great healer. 时间是最好的医治者.
　　 Time works great changes. 时间会产生巨大的变化.
　　 Two can play at the game. 你会耍的花招，别人也会。
　　 Success has many friends. 成功者朋友多.
　　 No pleasure without pain. 乐中必有苦.
　　 Take things as they come. 随遇而安。
　　 Talent is as talent does. 是不是有实才,就看干得来干不来.
　　 All for one, one for all. 人人为我,我为人人.
　　 A little pot is soon hot. 壶小易沸,量小易怒.
　　 A cat may look at a king. 猫也可以看皇帝。/ 地位虽不同，人人应平等。
　　 A good marksman may miss. 好射手也有失手的时候.
　　 Anger is a brief madness. 愤怒是短暂的疯狂。
　　 Wonders will never cease. 奇迹无穷尽。
　　 You never know your luck. 命运好坏不由已.
　　 Youth is half the battle. 年轻是胜利的一半.
　　 As the call, so the echo. 发什么声音，有什么回声。
　　 As the tree,so the fruit. 什么树结什么果。
　　 He who hesitates is lost. 当断不断,反受其乱.
　　 Fortune favours the bold. 天助勇者。
　　 Forbidden fruit is sweet. 禁果分外甜。
　　 From saving comes having. 富有来自节俭.
　　 Fool's haste is no speed. 急急忙忙, 欲速反慢.
　　 Fair and softly goes far. 谦和者致远。
　　 Every man has his faults. 人都有缺点.
　　 Hunger is the best sauce. 饥者口中尽佳肴.
　　 Learn even from an enemy. 即使是敌人也可以向他学习.
　　 Little goods little care. 钱财少,不烦恼.
　　 Practise what you preach. 躬行己说,身体力行. /自己怎么说,就得怎么干.
　　 Second thoughts are best. 再思为上.
　　 It is hard to please all. 要使人人满意是件难事。
　　 Business before pleasure. 先工作,后娱乐./干完正事再玩儿.
　　 It is dogged that does it. 有志者事竞成.
　　 It's a day after the fair. 错过良机，为时已晚。
　　 Reading enriches the mind. 开卷有益.
　　 Opportunities do not wait. 机不可失,时不再来.
　　 Other times,other manners. 隔代不同礼。
　　 Love laughs at locksmiths. 爱情嘲笑锁匠. /爱情能克服困难.
　　 Let the sleeping dogs lie. 莫惹是非。
　　 Every medal has two sides. 每个勋章都有两面。/ 每个问题都有正反两面。
　　 Every bean hath its black. 每粒蚕豆都长黑嘴。 / 人都有缺点。
　　 Even Homer sometimes nods. 即使荷马也会打盹. /智者千虑,必有一失.
　　 Facts are stubborn things. 事实都是顽强的. /事实是掩盖不住的.
　　 Every why has a wherefore. 凡事必有因.
　　 Fortune favours the brave. 天佑勇士。
　　 Art is long,life is short. 人生短暂，艺术长存。
　　 Bad times make a good man. 艰难困苦出能人.
　　 Better be sure than sorry. 稳当总比后悔好。
　　 Good counsel does no harm. 忠言有利无害。
　　 Anything for a quiet life. 悠然自在最难求.
　　 Appearances are deceptive. 外表是K不住的。
　　 Who knows most says least. 知道得最多的人说得最少。
　　 A good deed is never lost. 好心一定有好报。
　　 A lazy youth, a lousy age. 少时懒惰老来苦.
　　 A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开.
　　 Take time by the forelock. 要把握时机.
　　 Nothing seek,nothing find. 无所求则无所获.
　　 Never do things by halves. 做事不可半途而废.
　　 The wages of sin is death. 为恶者应灭亡。
　　 Sow nothing, reap nothing. 春不播,秋不收. /无功不能受禄.
　　 True love never grows old. 真正的爱永不衰老.
　　 Sharp tools make good work. 工欲善其事,必先利其器.
　　 Sweep before your own door. 正人先正己。
　　 Time is wealth for workers. 对工人来说,时间就是财富.
　　 Time is grain for peasants. 对农民来说,时间就是粮食.
　　 Today is Yesterday's pupil. 今天是昨天的学生.
　　 After a storm comes a calm. 雨过天晴,苦尽甘来.
　　 A man's home is his castle. 一个人的家就是他的城堡.
　　 A bully is always a coward. 恃强欺弱者均是懦夫。
　　 A creaking door hangs long. 旧门久用，病夫命长。
　　 A bow long bent grows weak. 常拉满弓无力。
　　 An artist lives everywhere. 一技在身，走遍天下。
　　 Youth will have its course. 人生谁无少年时,甜苦酸辛各自知.
　　 There are spots in the sun. 太阳也有黑点。
　　 Beggars cannot be choosers. 乞丐不能挑肥拣瘦.
　　 Be still,and have the will. 不动声色,事方有成.
　　 Art lies in concealing art. 艺术在于使人看不见艺术。
　　 Freedom lies in being bold. 自由在于勇敢.
　　 Give losers leave to speak. 要允许失败者讲话。
　　 First thrive and then wive. 先立业,后成家.
　　 Truth is stranger than fiction. 事实离奇胜于虚构。
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一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + haveever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：
Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：
Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：
We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：
There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：
It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：
There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：
An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：
So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：
Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十一、The　+　~er　+　S　+　V,　~~~　the　+　~er　+　S　+　V　~~~　
The　+　more　+　Adj　+　S　+　V,　~~~　the　+　more+　Adj　+　S　+　V　~~~（愈...愈...）　
例句：The　harder　you　work,　the　more　progress　you　make.　
你愈努力，你愈进步。　
The　more　books　we　read,　the　more　learned　we become.　
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。　

十二、By　+Ving,　~~　can　~~　（借着...，..能够..）
例句：By　taking　exercise,　we　can　always　stay　healthy.　
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。　

十三、~~~　enable　+　Object（受词）+　to　+　V　（..使..能够..）　
例句：Listening　to　music　enable　us　to　feel　relaxed.　
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。　

十四、On　no　account　can　we　　+　V　~~~　（我们绝对不能...）　
例句：On　no　account　can　we　ignore　the　value　of　knowledge.　
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。　

十五、It　is　time　+　S　+　过去式　（该是...的时候了）　
例句：It　is　time　the　authorities　concerned　took proper　steps　to　solve　the　traffic　problems.　
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。　

十六、Those　who　~~~　（...的人...）　
例句：Those　who　violate　traffic　regulations　should　be　punished.　
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。　

十七、There　is　no　one　but　~~~　（没有人不...）　
例句：There　is　no　one　but　longs　to　go　to　college.　
没有人不渴望上大学。　

十八、be　+　forced/compelled/obliged　+　to　+　V　（不得不...）　
例句：Since　the　examination　is　around　the　corner,　I　am　compelled　to　give　up　doing　sports.　
既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。　

十九、It is　conceivable　that　+　句子　（可想而知的）　
It　is　obvious　that　+　句子　（明显的）　
It　is　apparent　that　+　句子　（显然的）　
例句：It　is　conceivable　that　knowledge　plays　an important　role　in　our　life.　
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。　

二十、That　is　the　reason　why　~~~　（那就是...的原因）　
例句：Summer　is　sultry.　That　is　the　reason　why I　don't　like　it.　
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。　

二十一、For　the　past　　+　时间，S　+　现在完成式.（过去...年来，...一直...）　
例句：For　the　past　two　years,　I　have　been　busy　preparing　for　the　examination.　
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。　

二十二、Since　+　S　+　过去式，S　+　现在完成式。　
例句：Since　he　went　to　senior　high　school,　he has　worked　very　hard.　
自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

二十三、It　pays　to　+　V　~~~　（...是值得的。）　
例句：It　pays　to　help　others.　
帮助别人是值得的。　

二十四、be　based　on　（以...为基础）　
例句：The　progress　of　thee　society　is　based　on harmony.　
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。　

二十五、Spare　no　effort　to　+　V　（不遗余力的）　
例句：We　should　spare　no　effort　to　beautify　our　environment.　
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。　

二十六、bring　home　to　+　人　+　事　（让...明白...事）　
例句：We　should　bring　home　to　people　the　valueof　working　hard.　
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。　

二十七、be　closely　related　to　~~　（与...息息相关）　
例句：Taking　exercise　is　closely　related　to　health.　
做运动与健康息息相关。　

二十八、Get　into　the　habit　of　+　Ving=　make　it　a　rule　to　+　V　（养成...的习惯）　
We　should　get　into　the　habit　of　keeping　good hours.　
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。　

二十九、Due　to/Owing　to/Thanks　to　+　N/Ving,　~~~（因为...）　
例句：Thanks　to　his　encouragement,　I　finally　realized　my　dream.　
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。　

三十、What　a　+　Adj　+　N　+　S　+　V!=　How　+　Adj　+　a　+　N　+　V!（多么...！）　
例句：What　an　important　thing　it　is　to　keep　our　promise!　
How　important　a　thing　it　is　to　keep　our　promise!　
遵守诺言是多么重要的事！　

三十一、Leave　much　to　be　desired　（令人不满意）

例句：The　condition　of　our　traffic　leaves　much to　be　desired.　
我们的交通状况令人不满意。　

三十二、Have　a　great　influence　on　~~~　（对...有很大的影响）　
例句：Smoking　has　a　great　influence　on　our　health.　
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。　

三十三、do　good　to　（对...有益），do　harm　to　（对...有害）　
例句：Reading　does　good　to　our　mind.读书对心灵有益。　
Overwork　does　harm　to　health.工作过度对健康有害。

　

三十四、Pose　a　great　threat　to　~~　（对...造成一大威胁）　
例句：Pollution　poses　a　great　threat　to　our　existence.　
污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。　

三十五、do　one's　utmost　to　+　V　=　do　one's　best　（尽全力去...）　
例句：We　should　do　our　utmost　to　achieve　our　goal　in　life.　
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

Lesson 15 - Family Members

Relative Titles - 친척과 관계된 호칭

Older Woman - 아주머니 - ajumni (aunt) [Polite]

Older Woman - 아줌마 - ajumma (auntie) [Less Polite]

Older Man - 아저씨 - ajussi (Uncle)

Elderly Woman - 할머니 - hal muh ni (Grandmother) [Polite]

Elderly Man - 할아버지 - hara buh ji (Grandpa) [Less Polite]

Father - 아버지 - ah buh ji

Father in law - 시아버지 - shi ah buh ji

Father in law - 장인어른 - jang in uh reun

Dad - 아빠 - appa [Informal]

Mum - 엄마 - umma

Mother - 어머니 - uh muh ni

Mother in law - 시어머니 - shi uh muh ni

Mother in law - 장모님 - jang mo nim

Siblings - 손위 형제 자매

Older Sister - 언니 - unni (If the speaker is female)

Older Brother - 오빠 - oppa (If the speaker is female)

Older Sister - 누나 - nuna (If the speaker is male)

Older Brother - 형 - hyung (If the speaker is male)

Younger Sibling - 동생 - dong saeng (Regardless of speaker's gender)

Lesson Created By KkOmA